Tyndall Centre Publications

@article{aa6c47730f5c4e18b84f4fc3bac71a7c,

title = {Theory and the future of land-climate science},

author = {Michael P. Byrne and Gabriele C. Hegerl and Jacob Scheff and Ori Adam and Alexis Berg and Michela Biasutti and Simona Bordoni and Aiguo Dai and Ruth Geen and Matthew Henry and Spencer A. Hill and Cathy Hohenegger and Vincent Humphrey and Manoj Joshi and Alexandra G. Konings and Marysa M. Laguë and F. Hugo Lambert and Flavio Lehner and Justin S. Mankin and Kaighin A. McColl and Karen A. McKinnon and Angeline G. Pendergrass and Marianne Pietschnig and Luca Schmidt and Andrew P. Schurer and E. Marian Scott and David Sexton and Steven C. Sherwood and Lucas R. Vargas Zeppetello and Yi Zhang},

doi = {10.1038/s41561-024-01553-8},

issn = {1752-0894},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-11-01},

journal = {Nature Geoscience},

volume = {17},

number = {11},

pages = {1079–1086},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Climate over land—where humans live and the majority of food is produced—is changing rapidly, driving severe impacts through extreme heat, wildfires, drought and flooding. Our ability to monitor and model this changing climate is being transformed through new observational systems and increasingly complex Earth system models. But fundamental understanding of the processes governing land climate has not kept pace, weakening our ability to interpret and utilize data from these advanced tools. Here we argue that for land-climate science to accelerate forwards, an alternative approach is needed. We advocate a parallel scientific effort, one emphasizing robust theories, that aims to inspire current and future land-climate scientists to better comprehend the processes governing land climate, its variability and extremes and its sensitivity to global warming. Such an effort, we believe, is essential to better understand the risks people face, where they live, in an era of climate change.},

note = {Data availability statement: The model data used to produce Fig. 1 are provided by the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling and can be accessed at https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6/. Funding information: We thank the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland for generously funding a workshop on land-climate science at the University of St Andrews (6–8 June 2022), which inspired this Perspective. M.P.B. was supported by the UKRI Frontier Research Guarantee scheme (grant number EP/Y027868/1), S.A.H. was funded by NSF award no. 2123327 and A.D. was funded by NSF award no. AGS-2015780.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{7e53bb559cff42e58e51cf0b35d55d0f,

title = {State of Wildfires 2023-2024},

author = {Matthew W. Jones and Douglas I. Kelley and Chantelle A. Burton and Francesca Di Giuseppe and Maria Lucia F. Barbosa and Esther Brambleby and Andrew J. Hartley and Anna Lombardi and Guilherme Mataveli and Joe R. McNorton and Fiona R. Spuler and Jakob B. Wessel and John T. Abatzoglou and Liana O. Anderson and Niels Andela and Sally Archibald and Dolors Armenteras and Eleanor Burke and Rachel Carmenta and Emilio Chuvieco and Hamish Clarke and Stefan H. Doerr and Paulo M. Fernandes and Louis Giglio and Douglas S. Hamilton and Stijn Hantson and Sarah Harris and Piyush Jain and Crystal A. Kolden and Tiina Kurvits and Seppe Lampe and Sarah Meier and Stacey New and Mark Parrington and Morgane M. G. Perron and Yuquan Qu and Natasha S. Ribeiro and Bambang H. Saharjo and Jesus San-Miguel-Ayanz and Jacquelyn K. Shuman and Veerachai Tanpipat and Guido R. Werf and Sander Veraverbeke and Gavriil Xanthopoulos},

doi = {10.5194/essd-16-3601-2024},

issn = {1866-3508},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-08-14},

journal = {Earth System Science Data},

volume = {16},

number = {8},

pages = {3601–3685},

publisher = {Copernicus Publications},

abstract = {Climate change contributes to the increased frequency and intensity of wildfires globally, with significant impacts on society and the environment. However, our understanding of the global distribution of extreme fires remains skewed, primarily influenced by media coverage and regionalised research efforts. This inaugural State of Wildfires report systematically analyses fire activity worldwide, identifying extreme events from the March 2023-February 2024 fire season. We assess the causes, predictability, and attribution of these events to climate change and land use and forecast future risks under different climate scenarios. During the 2023-2024 fire season, 3.9×106 km2 burned globally, slightly below the average of previous seasons, but fire carbon (C) emissions were 16 % above average, totalling 2.4 Pg C. Global fire C emissions were increased by record emissions in Canadian boreal forests (over 9 times the average) and reduced by low emissions from African savannahs. Notable events included record-breaking fire extent and emissions in Canada, the largest recorded wildfire in the European Union (Greece), drought-driven fires in western Amazonia and northern parts of South America, and deadly fires in Hawaii (100 deaths) and Chile (131 deaths). Over 232 000 people were evacuated in Canada alone, highlighting the severity of human impact. Our analyses revealed that multiple drivers were needed to cause areas of extreme fire activity. In Canada and Greece, a combination of high fire weather and an abundance of dry fuels increased the probability of fires, whereas burned area anomalies were weaker in regions with lower fuel loads and higher direct suppression, particularly in Canada. Fire weather prediction in Canada showed a mild anomalous signal 1 to 2 months in advance, whereas events in Greece and Amazonia had shorter predictability horizons. Attribution analyses indicated that modelled anomalies in burned area were up to 40 %, 18 %, and 50 % higher due to climate change in Canada, Greece, and western Amazonia during the 2023-2024 fire season, respectively. Meanwhile, the probability of extreme fire seasons of these magnitudes has increased significantly due to anthropogenic climate change, with a 2.9-3.6-fold increase in likelihood of high fire weather in Canada and a 20.0-28.5-fold increase in Amazonia. By the end of the century, events of similar magnitude to 2023 in Canada are projected to occur 6.3-10.8 times more frequently under a medium-high emission scenario (SSP370). This report represents our first annual effort to catalogue extreme wildfire events, explain their occurrence, and predict future risks. By consolidating state-of-the-art wildfire science and delivering key insights relevant to policymakers, disaster management services, firefighting agencies, and land managers, we aim to enhance society's resilience to wildfires and promote advances in preparedness, mitigation, and adaptation. New datasets presented in this work are available from 10.5281/zenodo.11400539 (Jones et al., 2024) and 10.5281/zenodo.11420742 (Kelley et al., 2024a).},

note = {Publisher Copyright: © 2024 Matthew W. Jones et al.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{8ee62b700cd54e3580e4b834f464db13,

title = {Wildfires in 2023},

author = {Crystal A. Kolden and John T. Abatzoglou and Matthew W. Jones and Piyush Jain},

doi = {10.1038/s43017-024-00544-y},

issn = {2662-138X},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-04-04},

journal = {Nature Reviews Earth and Environment},

volume = {5},

number = {4},

pages = {238–240},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Wildfires burned 384 Mha of land in 2023, the highest since 2017 but 5% lower than the 2001–2022 average. These fires emitted an estimated 2,524 Tg C, 30% of which came from Canada’s record fire season.},

note = {Funding Information: C.A.K. was supported by University of California Office of the President Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives M21PR3385. J.T.A. was supported by NSF under award number OAI-2019762. M.W.J. was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NEV01417X1). Publisher Copyright: © Springer Nature Limited 2024.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{8eae3385bbef4dd9aa921136e1cd3998,

title = {Deforestation falls but rise of wildfires continues degrading Brazilian Amazon forests},

author = {Guilherme Mataveli and Matthew W. Jones and Rachel Carmenta and Alber Sanchez and Débora J. Dutra and Michel Chaves and Gabriel Oliveira and Liana O. Anderson and Luiz E. O. C. Aragão},

doi = {10.1111/gcb.17202},

issn = {1354-1013},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-02-01},

journal = {Global Change Biology},

volume = {30},

number = {2},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {In 2023, Brazil achieved positive environmental strides in the Amazon, with a 22% reduction in deforestation rates and a 16% decline in total fire counts compared with 2022, attributed to renewed environmental policy implementation. However, despite progress, deforestation remains above the target, and forest wildfires in old-growth Amazonian forests surged by 152% in 2023 versus 2022, threatening biodiversity and carbon stocks. The rise in fires poses challenges for traditional farmers, impacts urban areas' air quality, and necessitates urgent measures like enhanced firefighting capabilities and long-term strategies for fire-free production chains to protect the Amazonian standing forests—a global socio-environmental asset.},

note = {Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in TerraBrasilis at http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/en/home-page/. Funding Information: This work was supported by FAPESP (2019/25701‐8, 2020/15230‐5, 2020/08916‐8, 2021/04019‐4, 2021/07382‐2), NERC (NE/V01417X/), CNPq (314473/2020‐3, 314416/2020‐0), FAPEAM (0102016301000289/2021‐33), and DS Brigde School — Amazon Task Force 2023.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{04559bf8a7f14b4a9e387dd15818aec6,

title = {Broadening scientific engagement and inclusivity in IPCC reports through collaborative technology platforms},

author = {Anthony J. De-Gol and Corinne Le Quéré and Adam J. P. Smith and Marianne Aubin Le Quéré},

doi = {10.1038/s44168-023-00072-3},

issn = {2731-9814},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-21},

journal = {npj Climate Action},

volume = {2},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {The growing number of scientific publications on climate change has outstripped the capacity of individuals to keep up with the literature, even when confined to selected sub-topics such as chapter sections of IPCC reports. The IPCC would benefit from the assistance of modern technology, the engagement and insights of a far larger pool of experts, and more frequent updates. Here we describe how technology can be tailored to provide asynchronous and connected platforms that can enhance expert’s collaborations through their potential for scalability and inclusivity, and help keep assessments up-to-date. We detail our experience with the ScienceBrief.org platform, which was developed and used during 2017–2021. We show that the timely release of short scientific briefs (e.g. on wildfires), made possible by the platform, led to broad and accurate coverage of science in mainstream and social media, including policy-oriented websites, and therefore served to broaden public exposure and understanding of science, and counter climate misinformation. While a good visual interface and user flow were necessary, incentives were key for expert’s engagement with the platform, which, while positive, remained low. We suggest that a collaborative technology platform like ScienceBrief, tailored to support a modernised process of elaborating IPCC reports, could greatly enhance IPCC assessments by making them more open and accessible, further increasing transparency. It would also enable the comprehensive inclusion of evidence and facilitate broad and high-quality scientific engagement, including from early careers and scientists from around the world. This could first be tested at the scoping stage.},

note = {Data availability statement: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding information: ScienceBrief has received funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council International Opportunities Fund (2016–2019; grant no. NE/N013891/1), the European Horizon 2020 CRESCENDO (grant no. 641816), 4C (grant no. 821003), and VERIFY (grant no. 776810) projects, the University of East Anglia’s Global Carbon Budget internal research grant and support from the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. CLQ receives funding by the Royal Society grant RPR1191063).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{dfccebd14049486d8ba23f934800857a,

title = {Increasing wildfires threaten progress on halting deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia},

author = {Gabriel Oliveira and Guilherme Mataveli and Scott C. Stark and Matthew W. Jones and Rachel Carmenta and Nathanial A. Brunsell and Celso A. G. Santos and Carlos A. Silva Junior and Helinilza F. A. Cunha and Alan C. Cunha and Carlos A. C. Santos and Hannah Stewart and Vanessa Boanada Fuchs and Skye Hellenkamp and Paulo Artaxo and Ane A. C. Alencar and Paulo Moutinho and Yosio E. Shimabukuro},

doi = {10.1038/s41559-023-02233-3},

issn = {2397-334X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-01},

journal = {Nature Ecology & Evolution},

volume = {7},

number = {12},

pages = {1945–1946},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Sustainably managing the Amazon region is essential to mitigating global climate change and to preserving the biological and cultural diversity of the region. After promising reductions in degradation in the 2010s, a return to historically high levels of land conversion and deforestation during the past 5 years has severely undermined these goals. This land conversion — primarily the result of logging, mining and ranching — has generated social, economic and environmental burdens across scales1. Encouragingly, signs of recovery towards Amazon protection are appearing under Brazil’s current federal administration. But amid the drop in deforestation, a new threat is on the rise: uncontrolled fires.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{3d89ad8b114747a483850756ef2d4a5d,

title = {Extratropical forests increasingly at risk due to lightning fires},

author = {Thomas A. J. Janssen and Matthew W. Jones and Declan Finney and Guido R. Werf and Dave Wees and Wenxuan Xu and Sander Veraverbeke},

doi = {10.1038/s41561-023-01322-z},

issn = {1752-0894},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-12-01},

journal = {Nature Geoscience},

volume = {16},

number = {12},

pages = {1136–1144},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Fires can be ignited by people or by natural causes, which are almost exclusively lightning strikes. Discriminating between lightning and anthropogenic fires is paramount when estimating impacts of changing socioeconomic and climatological conditions on fire activity. Here we use reference data of fire ignition locations, cause and burned area from seven world regions in a machine-learning approach to obtain a global attribution of lightning and anthropogenic ignitions as dominant fire ignition sources. We show that 77% (uncertainty expressed as one standard deviation = 8%) of the burned area in extratropical intact forests currently stems from lightning and that these areas will probably experience 11 to 31% more lightning per degree warming. Extratropical forests are of global importance for carbon storage. They currently experience high fire-related forest losses and have, per unit area, among the largest fire emissions on Earth. Future increases in lightning in intact forest may therefore compound the positive feedback loop between climate change and extratropical wildfires.},

note = {Funding Information: Dutch Research Council through a Vidi grant 016.Vidi.189.070 (S.V.) and Vici grant 0.16.160.324 (G.v.d.W.); European Research Council through Consolidator grant under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 101000987) (S.V.); Natural Environment Research Council through grants NE/K500835/1 (D.F.) and NE/V01417X/1 (M.J.W).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{1001bfde779d4f0597f0f45876c0f15d,

title = {Decolonizing wildfire risk management: indigenous responses to fire criminalization policies and increasingly flammable forest landscapes in Lomerío, Bolivia},

author = {Iokine Rodriguez and Mirna Inturias and Elmar Masay and Anacleto Peña},

doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2023.06.005},

issn = {1462-9011},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-01},

journal = {Environmental Science & Policy},

volume = {147},

pages = {103–115},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Drawing on decolonial thought, this article provides a perspective on local indigenous knowledge and governance systems as a resource for informing wildfire risk policy approaches and collaborative environmental security. In 2019, the Indigenous Territory of Lomerío in Bolivia was heavily affected by wildfires, due to a combination of fires that penetrated the territory from outside and others that spread from inside. As result, the Bolivian Forest Management Agency (ABT) started threatening indigenous people with criminal action for using fire in their livelihood practices. In response, in 2020 and with the support of several institutions, the Union of Indigenous Communities of Lomerío (CICOL) initiated a series of activities to ensure local control of wildfire risk management in the territory. These include a written burning protocol, a fire monitoring programme, water basin and forest conservation policies, participatory research conducted by indigenous researchers about the use of fire in Lomerío and cultural revitalization strategies. The article presents the results of these different strategies and their contributions to creating awareness of appropriate regulations for wildfire risk management by national authorities from the perspective of the Monkoxɨ indigenous people.},

note = {Funding Information: This manuscript was made possible thanks to the support of the Global Challenges Research Fund of the UKRI (UK Research and Innovation), who supported the INDIS (Indigenous Interaction for Sustainable Development) Project (No. INDIS I206041), carried out in conjunction between the University of East Anglia, NUR University and CICOL. The Photovoice Project also receive support from the National Geographic Young Explorers program and the GIZ program of the German Cooperation Agency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{b6af32bbb8944c8692ad7f9e6f9b459f,

title = {Protecting peatlands requires understanding stakeholder perceptions and relational values: A case study of peatlands in the Yorkshire Dales},

author = {Kirsten J. Lees and Rachel Carmenta and Ian Condliffe and Anne Gray and Lyndon Marquis and Timothy M. Lenton},

doi = {10.1007/s13280-023-01850-3},

issn = {0044-7447},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-01},

journal = {AMBIO},

volume = {52},

number = {7},

pages = {1282–1296},

publisher = {Allen Press Inc.},

abstract = {Sustainable peatland management is a global environmental governance challenge given peat’s carbon storage. Peatlands worldwide are sites of contested demands between stakeholders with distinct management priorities. In the United Kingdom, peatland management is a focus of political interest for nature-based solutions (NBS), causing tensions with land managers who feel their traditional knowledge is undervalued. Using Q-method (a semi-quantitative method for clarifying distinct viewpoints) with estate managers, gamekeepers, farmers, and employees of land-owning organisations, we explored perceptions around changing upland management in the Yorkshire Dales. Land managers hold strong values of ownership, aesthetics, and stewardship. The prospect of changing management causes fears of losing these relational values alongside instrumental values. Yorkshire Dales stakeholders agreed on NBS aims (reducing flooding, limiting wildfires, protecting wild birds), but disagreed on methods to achieve these. Our research supports engaging local stakeholders at all stages of peatland protection schemes to minimise resentment towards top-down management.},

note = {Funding Information: This project was funded by a University of Exeter Engaged Research Exploratory Award 2020 and by Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2018-046).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{188034f38a53449294592feaf6839ac2,

title = {Global and regional trends and drivers of fire under climate change},

author = {Matthew W. Jones and John T. Abatzoglou and Sander Veraverbeke and Niels Andela and Gitta Lasslop and Matthias Forkel and Adam J. P. Smith and Chantelle Burton and Richard A. Betts and Guido R. Werf and Stephen Sitch and Josep G. Canadell and Cristina Santín and Crystal Kolden and Stefan H. Doerr and Corinne Le Quere},

doi = {10.1029/2020RG000726},

issn = {8755-1209},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},

volume = {60},

number = {3},

publisher = {American Geophysical Union},

abstract = {Recent wildfire outbreaks around the world have prompted concern that climate change is increasing fire incidence, threatening human livelihood and biodiversity, and perpetuating climate change. Here, we review current understanding of the impacts of climate change on fire weather (weather conditions conducive to the ignition and spread of wildfires) and the consequences for regional fire activity as mediated by a range of other bioclimatic factors (including vegetation biogeography, productivity and lightning) and human factors (including ignition, suppression, and land use). Through supplemental analyses, we present a stocktake of regional trends in fire weather and burned area (BA) during recent decades, and we examine how fire activity relates to its bioclimatic and human drivers. Fire weather controls the annual timing of fires in most world regions and also drives inter-annual variability in BA in the Mediterranean, the Pacific US and high latitude forests. Increases in the frequency and extremity of fire weather have been globally pervasive due to climate change during 1979–2019, meaning that landscapes are primed to burn more frequently. Correspondingly, increases in BA of ∼50% or higher have been seen in some extratropical forest ecoregions including in the Pacific US and high-latitude forests during 2001–2019, though interannual variability remains large in these regions. Nonetheless, other bioclimatic and human factors can override the relationship between BA and fire weather. For example, BA in savannahs relates more strongly to patterns of fuel production or to the fragmentation of naturally fire-prone landscapes by agriculture. Similarly, BA trends in tropical forests relate more strongly to deforestation rates and forest degradation than to changing fire weather. Overall, BA has reduced by 27% globally in the past two decades, due in large part to a decline in BA in African savannahs. According to climate models, the prevalence and extremity of fire weather has already emerged beyond its pre-industrial variability in the Mediterranean due to climate change, and emergence will become increasingly widespread at additional levels of warming. Moreover, several of the major wildfires experienced in recent years, including the Australian bushfires of 2019/2020, have occurred amidst fire weather conditions that were considerably more likely due to climate change. Current fire models incompletely reproduce the observed spatial patterns of BA based on their existing representations of the relationships between fire and its bioclimatic and human controls, and historical trends in BA also vary considerably across models. Advances in the observation of fire and understanding of its controlling factors are supporting the addition or optimization of a range of processes in models. Overall, climate change is exerting a pervasive upwards pressure on fire globally by increasing the frequency and intensity of fire weather, and this upwards pressure will escalate with each increment of global warming. Improvements to fire models and a better understanding of the interactions between climate, climate extremes, humans and fire are required to predict future fire activity and to mitigate against its consequences.},

note = {Research Funding: H2020 Societal Challenges (H2020 PRIORITÉ Défis de société). Grant Numbers: 776810, 641816, 101003890; H2020 Industrial Leadership (H2020 Priority Industrial Leadership). Grant Number: 776186; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). Grant Number: 016.Vidi.189.070; H2020 Excellent Science (H2020 Priority Excellent Science). Grant Number: 101000987; Newton Fund; UKRI | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Grant Numbers: NE/T001194/1, NE/T003553/1, NE/V01417X/1; Spanish State Research Agency Ramón y Cajal Programme. Grant Number: RYC2018-025797-I; Royal Society. Grant Number: RPR1191063; Australian National Environmental Science Program; Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Progamme. Grant Number: GA01101; UK department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{45460ce2c141489eadc147beaddb50a1,

title = {The black carbon cycle and its role in the Earth system},

author = {Alysha I. Coppola and Sasha Wagner and Sinikka T. Lennartz and Michael Seidel and Nicholas D. Ward and Thorsten Dittmar and Cristina Santín and Matthew W. Jones},

doi = {10.1038/s43017-022-00316-6},

issn = {2662-138X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

journal = {Nature Reviews Earth & Environment},

volume = {3},

number = {8},

pages = {516–532},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Black carbon (BC) is produced by incomplete combustion of biomass by wildfires and burning of fossil fuels. BC is environmentally persistent over centuries to millennia, sequestering carbon in marine and terrestrial environments. However, its production, storage and dynamics, and therefore its role in the broader carbon cycling during global change, are poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss BC cycling across the land-to-ocean continuum. Wildfires are the main source of BC, producing 128 ± 84 teragrams per year. Negative climate–BC feedbacks could arise as wildfire increases with anthropogenic warming, producing more BC, which in turn will sequester carbon, but the magnitude of these effects are unknown. Most BC is stored in terrestrial systems with some transported to the ocean via rivers and the atmosphere. However, the oceanic BC budget is not balanced, with known BC removal fluxes exceeding BC inputs. We demonstrate these observed inconsistencies using a simple ocean box model, which highlights key areas of future research. Measurements of BC mineralization and export rates along the land-to-ocean continuum and quantification of previously unexplored sources of oceanic BC are needed to close the global BC budget.},

note = {Funding Information: A.I.C. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Ambizione grant ‘Fire in the Ocean’ (PZ00P2_185835) and thanks T. Eglinton, A. Varkalis and L. Tinkham. M.S. and T.D. acknowledge funding by the German Science Foundation (DFG) within the Cluster of Excellence EXC 2077 ‘The Ocean Floor — Earth’s Uncharted Interface’ (project number 390741603). N.D.W. acknowledges funding from the US Department of Energy (DOE)-funded COMPASS-FME project. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated by Battelle for the US DOE under contract DE-AC05-76RL01830. Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation OCE #2017577 (to S.W.). M.W.J. was funded by an independent research fellowship from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (grant NE/V01417X/1).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{e23f5fc113aa4949948231236a80e39a,

title = {El nacimiento de los “Sin fuego”: caso Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montebello, Chiapas, México},

author = {Laura Ponce Calderon and Gabriela Vera Cortés and Guadalupe del Carmen Álvarez Gordillo and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Dante Arturo Rodríguez Trejo and José Villanueva Díaz},

doi = {10.21640/ns.v12i25.2414},

issn = {2007-0705},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-02},

journal = {Nova Scientia},

volume = {12},

number = {25},

publisher = {Universidad De La Salle Bajío},

abstract = {Introduction: The objective of this research is to understand the changes in fire use practices of fire use in two indigenous communities located in Lagunas de Montebello National Park, Chiapas, Mexico, where current public policies implementation on fire use suppression have had severe social and ecological repercussions. The wildfire in 1998 has been considered as a breaking point to the changes and tensions that are happening in the region.Method: We applied 66 semi-structured and in-depth interviews to two rural communities, located inside (Tziscao) and outside (Antela). The topics were about local fire uses and the governmental fire policies incidence over rural communities’ to understand who are they, where are they and how was the birth of the fireless. Results and discussion: The narratives included different interpretation about practices of fire uses, mainly in agriculture activities, where fire uses were more severely criminalised. The fire suppression policy implementation, after 1998’s big wildfire in the Park, marked a before and after in the territory. Generally, these public policies are opposed to the traditional logic in the use of fire, and they have been generating a disappearance of fire use practices in these rural territories, where communities have historically used the fire for several purposes. Some practices that included the use of fire, such as slash and burn agriculture have entirely disappeared in Tziscao, a community where the fire was a central element of culture, livelihood and a way of building the territory. At present, the inhabitants are afraid to use fire in their practices, due to repercussions for causing fires and the risk of declining tourism. In Antela rural community, which is located outside to the Park and with no economic dependence on tourism, maintains traditional fire practices on farming activities. Conclusion: If the tendency to suppress fire is maintained, not only will a process of cultural transformation intensify, but also of environmental degradation about to the construction of the territory. More significantly, a dramatic modification of the landscape could trigger more catastrophic wildfires. Thus, the long-term challenge is not to make inviable or exclude fire, is to include it in the maintenance and shaping of the landscape based on the experience and knowledge that peasant communities have, the investigation of available fire ecology, and sensibilise and integrate the government authorities for the formulation of fire management plans that integrate local practices.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{8102ab3271dc4722924441ae33ac384d,

title = {Characterising policy responses to complex socio-ecological problems: 60 fire management interventions in Indonesian peatlands},

author = {Una Jefferson and Rachel Carmenta and Willy Daeli and Jacob Phelps},

doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102027},

issn = {0959-3780},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-31},

journal = {Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions},

volume = {60},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Governance of complex socio-ecological problems such as climate change, deforestation, and chronic wildfires is becoming "messier". Theory and case study evidence suggest that "messy" institutional characteristics like non- government involvement and multi-level decision-making can improve social and environmental outcomes. However, these characteristics still lack systematic documentation, and there have been few efforts to systematically characterize and compare the interventions associated with them. We examined 60 fire management interventions (FMI) undertaken between 1999 and 2016 in response to Indonesia's disastrous peatland fires. We documented their institutional characteristics (i.e., lead sector, multi-level character) and compared their design across institutional types, focusing on design attributes associated with performance such as targeting to high-risk soil types, landholders, and time periods, and the use and design of incentives. We found gaps between scientific recommendations and practice when it came to intervention targeting. However, industry FMI were more likely to employ nuanced targeting among landholders. Government, industry, and civil society adopted differing intervention strategies, including notable differences in the design of incentives. These findings provide the groundwork for research comparing intervention outcomes between institutional types. They also highlight the need for further stock-taking to inform research in these areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ab1f359cf4c443d6a160ef8ecf25cbf9,

title = {Does the establishment of sustainable use reserves affect fire management in the humid tropics?},

author = {Rachel Carmenta and George Alan Blackburn and Gemma Davies and Claudio Sassi and Andre Lima and Luke Parry and Wlodek Tych and Jos Barlow},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0149292},

issn = {1932-6203},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-02-17},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Tropical forests are experiencing a growing fire problem driven by climatic change, agricultural expansion and forest degradation. Protected areas are an important feature of forest protection strategies, and sustainable use reserves (SURs) may be reducing fire prevalence since they promote sustainable livelihoods and resource management. However, the use of fire in swidden agriculture, and other forms of land management, may be undermining the effectiveness of SURs in meeting their conservation and sustainable development goals. We analyse MODIS derived hot pixels, TRMM rainfall data, Terra-Class land cover data, socio-ecological data from the Brazilian agro-census and the spatial extent of rivers and roads to evaluate whether the designation of SURs reduces fire occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon. Specifically, we ask (1) a. Is SUR location (i.e., de facto) or (1) b. designation (i.e. de jure) the driving factor affecting performance in terms of the spatial density of fires?, and (2), Does SUR creation affect fire management (i.e., the timing of fires in relation to previous rainfall)? We demonstrate that pre-protection baselines are crucial for understanding reserve performance. We show that reserve creation had no discernible impact on fire density, and that fires were less prevalent in SURs due to their characteristics of sparser human settlement and remoteness, rather than their status de jure. In addition, the timing of fires in relation to rainfall, indicative of local fire management and adherence to environmental law, did not improve following SUR creation. These results challenge the notion that SURs promote environmentally sensitive fire-management, and suggest that SURs in Amazonia will require special attention if they are to curtail future accidental wildfires, particularly as plans to expand the road infrastructure throughout the region are realised. Greater investment to support improved fire management by farmers living in reserves, in addition to other fire users, will be necessary to help ameliorate these threats.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}