Tyndall Centre Publications
The following database is for researcher of the University of East Anglia (UEA) only.
3894.
Peake, Lewis R.; Dawson, Lorna A.; Price, J. Paul Newell; Aller, M. Fernanda; Bhogal, Anne; Doody, Donnacha G.; Gregory, Andrew S.; McKinley, Jennifer M.
Priorities for UK soils Journal Article
In: Geoderma Regional, vol. 29, 2022, ISSN: 2352-0094.
@article{4d1088ce534844ab89c7de0e5782efc9,
title = {Priorities for UK soils},
author = {Lewis R. Peake and Lorna A. Dawson and J. Paul Newell Price and M. Fernanda Aller and Anne Bhogal and Donnacha G. Doody and Andrew S. Gregory and Jennifer M. McKinley},
doi = {10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00512},
issn = {2352-0094},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-01},
journal = {Geoderma Regional},
volume = {29},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {The predominance of agriculture in the UK is a major factor determining the main soil threats and priorities. The main soil degradation processes are compaction, erosion and soil organic matter loss, while soil contamination and sealing is also a significant issue. Agricultural land take threatens soil ecosystem services but receives little attention. An urgent need to tackle climate change has resulted in a new direction for land use and soil policy.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The predominance of agriculture in the UK is a major factor determining the main soil threats and priorities. The main soil degradation processes are compaction, erosion and soil organic matter loss, while soil contamination and sealing is also a significant issue. Agricultural land take threatens soil ecosystem services but receives little attention. An urgent need to tackle climate change has resulted in a new direction for land use and soil policy.
3893.
Blakelock, Elizabeth; Turnpenny, John
In: Policy & Politics, 2022, ISSN: 0305-5736.
@article{a1d65f51e05a4c55989e12e560235fd1,
title = {The impact of participatory policy formulation on regulatory legitimacy: the case of Great Britain’s Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem)},
author = {Elizabeth Blakelock and John Turnpenny},
doi = {10.1332/030557321X16510710879298},
issn = {0305-5736},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-01},
journal = {Policy & Politics},
publisher = {Policy Press},
abstract = {Energy markets policy in Great Britain has been largely delegated from elected representatives to a market regulator: the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). Regulatory legitimacy requires due process and appropriate expertise to expose the regulator to democratic influence. As the legitimacy of regulatory participation processes start to be discussed more intensively in the European context, this timely article examines the relationship between the use of policy formulation tools and the resulting legitimacy gained by an independent market regulator. It employs a detailed case study analysing how participatory policy formulation tools - deliberative focus groups with members of the public, and stakeholder consultations - were used in energy markets policy formulation in Ofgem between 2007 and 2016. Through assessing the actors, venues, capacities and effects associated with selection and use of the tools, it finds there were inequalities of influence between different policy actors which posed a significant challenge to legitimacy.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Energy markets policy in Great Britain has been largely delegated from elected representatives to a market regulator: the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). Regulatory legitimacy requires due process and appropriate expertise to expose the regulator to democratic influence. As the legitimacy of regulatory participation processes start to be discussed more intensively in the European context, this timely article examines the relationship between the use of policy formulation tools and the resulting legitimacy gained by an independent market regulator. It employs a detailed case study analysing how participatory policy formulation tools - deliberative focus groups with members of the public, and stakeholder consultations - were used in energy markets policy formulation in Ofgem between 2007 and 2016. Through assessing the actors, venues, capacities and effects associated with selection and use of the tools, it finds there were inequalities of influence between different policy actors which posed a significant challenge to legitimacy.
3892.
Kenny, John
The changing prioritization of environmental protection in Britain: 1982-2019 Journal Article
In: Government and Opposition, 2022, ISSN: 0017-257X, (Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank Ben Clements, Peter Enns, Will Jennings, Joan Madia, Andra Roescu, Riley Taiji, Giacomo Vagni and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on previous drafts that greatly improved the article. An earlier version of the article was presented at the 2020 Environmental Social Sciences workshop at the University of Bern, and the author is grateful for feedback received at this. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ESRC ES/S000380/1).).
@article{ba737ebd216441d783d99311def4ac13,
title = {The changing prioritization of environmental protection in Britain: 1982-2019},
author = {John Kenny},
doi = {10.1017/gov.2022.17},
issn = {0017-257X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-30},
journal = {Government and Opposition},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {This paper examines the evolution of long-term trends in the prioritisation of environmental protection in Britain over a period of four decades. It does so by compiling comparable questions tapping into the same underlying environmental dimension from a range of sources, including historical polling data that has only recently been made available to the research community. At the aggregate-level, prioritisation largely tracks changing economic conditions as well key environmental events, with the winter of 2019 showing the highest recorded levels. Furthermore, trends in individuals’ willingness to prioritise the environment may not always go in tandem with trends in environmental salience. At the individual-level, educational attainment is the only consistently significant demographic correlate over time. However, there is evidence of increasing politicisation of the environment, with left-right orientations only becoming an important correlate of environmental prioritisation in recent years in line with rising divergence on the issue at the elite level.},
note = {Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank Ben Clements, Peter Enns, Will Jennings, Joan Madia, Andra Roescu, Riley Taiji, Giacomo Vagni and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on previous drafts that greatly improved the article. An earlier version of the article was presented at the 2020 Environmental Social Sciences workshop at the University of Bern, and the author is grateful for feedback received at this. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ESRC ES/S000380/1).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper examines the evolution of long-term trends in the prioritisation of environmental protection in Britain over a period of four decades. It does so by compiling comparable questions tapping into the same underlying environmental dimension from a range of sources, including historical polling data that has only recently been made available to the research community. At the aggregate-level, prioritisation largely tracks changing economic conditions as well key environmental events, with the winter of 2019 showing the highest recorded levels. Furthermore, trends in individuals’ willingness to prioritise the environment may not always go in tandem with trends in environmental salience. At the individual-level, educational attainment is the only consistently significant demographic correlate over time. However, there is evidence of increasing politicisation of the environment, with left-right orientations only becoming an important correlate of environmental prioritisation in recent years in line with rising divergence on the issue at the elite level.
3891.
Turner, Rachel A.; Forster, Johanna; Fitzsimmons, Clare; Mahon, Robin
Expanding narratives of governance constraints to improve coral reef conservation Journal Article
In: Conservation Biology, 2022, ISSN: 0888-8892, (Funding Information: This research was funded by the European Union 7th Framework program (FP7/2007‐2013) under grant agreement 244161.).
@article{fe4e7e2932ea458f935be4a979050499,
title = {Expanding narratives of governance constraints to improve coral reef conservation},
author = {Rachel A. Turner and Johanna Forster and Clare Fitzsimmons and Robin Mahon},
doi = {10.1111/cobi.13933},
issn = {0888-8892},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-16},
journal = {Conservation Biology},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {To understand and address the failures of reef governance, it is critical to understand the perceptions of diverse policy makers and practitioners about the challenges they face in achieving their goals. Examining the discourse of policy makers and practitioners can reveal the extent to which these perceptions capture the full spectrum of potential governance challenges, including those related to management, institutional structures and processes, the values and principles underpinning governance, and the social and environmental context. We conducted semistructured interviews with 110 policy makers and practitioners across multiple sectors, scales, and contexts in Barbados, St Kitts and Nevis, Belize, and Honduras. We used thematic qualitative analysis informed by theories of interactive governance and governability to examine the challenges perceived by governance actors. Perceived governance challenges were broadly consistent across countries, but differed by sector (V = 0.819, F},
note = {Funding Information: This research was funded by the European Union 7th Framework program (FP7/2007‐2013) under grant agreement 244161.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To understand and address the failures of reef governance, it is critical to understand the perceptions of diverse policy makers and practitioners about the challenges they face in achieving their goals. Examining the discourse of policy makers and practitioners can reveal the extent to which these perceptions capture the full spectrum of potential governance challenges, including those related to management, institutional structures and processes, the values and principles underpinning governance, and the social and environmental context. We conducted semistructured interviews with 110 policy makers and practitioners across multiple sectors, scales, and contexts in Barbados, St Kitts and Nevis, Belize, and Honduras. We used thematic qualitative analysis informed by theories of interactive governance and governability to examine the challenges perceived by governance actors. Perceived governance challenges were broadly consistent across countries, but differed by sector (V = 0.819, F
3890.
Geese, Lucas; Martínez-Cantó, Javier
Working as a team: Do legislators coordinate their geographic representation efforts in party-centred environments? Journal Article
In: Party Politics, 2022, ISSN: 1354-0688.
@article{2ec20126283542a594b05bb5212b7d89,
title = {Working as a team: Do legislators coordinate their geographic representation efforts in party-centred environments?},
author = {Lucas Geese and Javier Martínez-Cantó},
doi = {10.1177/13540688221098157},
issn = {1354-0688},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-13},
journal = {Party Politics},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
abstract = {Why do legislators engage in geographic representation in party-centred electoral systems, where they face weak re-election incentives to cultivate a personal vote? Existing research offers cross-pressuring incentive structures and intrinsic localism motivations as individual-level factors to explain this puzzle. In this article, we propose an alternative argument based on the principle of collective action within party-internal structures of labour division. We argue that legislators elected in the same multi-member district and under the same party label (party delegations) share collective vote-seeking incentives to collaborate with each other in order to strike a balance between the collective benefits and individual costs of constituency-oriented activities. Results from a comparative study of written parliamentary questions in Germany and Spain support our argument. Specifically, the study suggests that individual localism attributes interact with the team composition of party delegations to shape constituency-orientated behaviour.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Why do legislators engage in geographic representation in party-centred electoral systems, where they face weak re-election incentives to cultivate a personal vote? Existing research offers cross-pressuring incentive structures and intrinsic localism motivations as individual-level factors to explain this puzzle. In this article, we propose an alternative argument based on the principle of collective action within party-internal structures of labour division. We argue that legislators elected in the same multi-member district and under the same party label (party delegations) share collective vote-seeking incentives to collaborate with each other in order to strike a balance between the collective benefits and individual costs of constituency-oriented activities. Results from a comparative study of written parliamentary questions in Germany and Spain support our argument. Specifically, the study suggests that individual localism attributes interact with the team composition of party delegations to shape constituency-orientated behaviour.
3889.
Wilder, Thomas; Zhai, Xiaoming; Munday, David R.; Joshi, Manoj
The response of a baroclinic anticyclonic eddy to relative wind stress forcing Journal Article
In: Journal of Physical Oceanography, 2022, ISSN: 0022-3670.
@article{6860f994446340798ff78543a21ee77d,
title = {The response of a baroclinic anticyclonic eddy to relative wind stress forcing},
author = {Thomas Wilder and Xiaoming Zhai and David R. Munday and Manoj Joshi},
doi = {10.1175/JPO-D-22-0044.1},
issn = {0022-3670},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-12},
journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
abstract = {Including the ocean surface current in the calculation of wind stress is known to damp mesoscale eddies through a negative wind power input, and have potential ramifications for eddy longevity. Here, we study the spin-down of a baroclinic anticyclonic eddy subject to absolute (no ocean surface current) and relative (including ocean surface current) wind stress forcing by employing an idealised high-resolution numerical model. Results from this study demonstrate that relative wind stress dissipates surface mean kinetic energy (MKE) and also generates additional vertical motions throughout the whole water column via Ekman pumping. Wind stress curl-induced Ekman pumping generates additional baroclinic conversion (mean potential to mean kinetic energy) that is found to offset the damping of surface MKE by increasing deep MKE. A scaling analysis of relative wind stress-induced baroclinic conversion and relative wind stress damping confirms these numerical findings, showing that additional energy conversion counteracts relative wind stress damping. What is more, wind stress curl-induced Ekman pumping is found to modify surface potential vorticity gradients that lead to an earlier destabilisation of the eddy. Therefore, the onset of eddy instabilities and eventual eddy decay takes place on a shorter timescale in the simulation with relative wind stress.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Including the ocean surface current in the calculation of wind stress is known to damp mesoscale eddies through a negative wind power input, and have potential ramifications for eddy longevity. Here, we study the spin-down of a baroclinic anticyclonic eddy subject to absolute (no ocean surface current) and relative (including ocean surface current) wind stress forcing by employing an idealised high-resolution numerical model. Results from this study demonstrate that relative wind stress dissipates surface mean kinetic energy (MKE) and also generates additional vertical motions throughout the whole water column via Ekman pumping. Wind stress curl-induced Ekman pumping generates additional baroclinic conversion (mean potential to mean kinetic energy) that is found to offset the damping of surface MKE by increasing deep MKE. A scaling analysis of relative wind stress-induced baroclinic conversion and relative wind stress damping confirms these numerical findings, showing that additional energy conversion counteracts relative wind stress damping. What is more, wind stress curl-induced Ekman pumping is found to modify surface potential vorticity gradients that lead to an earlier destabilisation of the eddy. Therefore, the onset of eddy instabilities and eventual eddy decay takes place on a shorter timescale in the simulation with relative wind stress.
3888.
Groen, Lisanne; Alexander, Meghan; King, Julie; Jager, Nicolas; Huitema, Dave
Re-examining policy stability in climate adaptation through a lock-in perspective Journal Article
In: Journal of European Public Policy, 2022, ISSN: 1350-1763, (Funding: This work was supported, under the Open Research Area (ORA) programme, by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek [grant 464.18.101]; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [grant 396892926]; and the Economic and Social Research Council [grant ES/S015264/1].).
@article{541d61d411b74533b8efca0e626af287,
title = {Re-examining policy stability in climate adaptation through a lock-in perspective},
author = {Lisanne Groen and Meghan Alexander and Julie King and Nicolas Jager and Dave Huitema},
doi = {10.1080/13501763.2022.2064535},
issn = {1350-1763},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-11},
journal = {Journal of European Public Policy},
publisher = {Routledge},
abstract = {Responding to current and future climate change demands urgent, transformative adaptation, yet in many policy systems inaction continues to prevail. This paper examines apparent resistance to policy change and the persistence of business-as-usual through a ‘lock-in perspective’, which means that attention is paid to how reinforcing mechanisms drive stabilisation and resistance in policy systems. Offering a fresh synthesis of known lock-in mechanisms in the literature, this paper explores the role of those mechanisms in two empirical cases of coastal adaptation: England (U.K.) and Schleswig-Holstein (Germany). While several known lock-mechanisms are observable, some are newly identified in this adaptation context. We offer a critical reflection on the added value of the lock-in perspective for understanding policy stability. In turn, the identification of self- and mutually-reinforcing mechanisms provides a much-needed foundation for targeted policy interventions and efforts to ‘unlock’ climate adaptation pathways.},
note = {Funding: This work was supported, under the Open Research Area (ORA) programme, by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek [grant 464.18.101]; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [grant 396892926]; and the Economic and Social Research Council [grant ES/S015264/1].},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Responding to current and future climate change demands urgent, transformative adaptation, yet in many policy systems inaction continues to prevail. This paper examines apparent resistance to policy change and the persistence of business-as-usual through a ‘lock-in perspective’, which means that attention is paid to how reinforcing mechanisms drive stabilisation and resistance in policy systems. Offering a fresh synthesis of known lock-in mechanisms in the literature, this paper explores the role of those mechanisms in two empirical cases of coastal adaptation: England (U.K.) and Schleswig-Holstein (Germany). While several known lock-mechanisms are observable, some are newly identified in this adaptation context. We offer a critical reflection on the added value of the lock-in perspective for understanding policy stability. In turn, the identification of self- and mutually-reinforcing mechanisms provides a much-needed foundation for targeted policy interventions and efforts to ‘unlock’ climate adaptation pathways.
3887.
Arora, Anmol; Schroeder, Heike
How to avoid unjust energy transitions: insights from the Ruhr region Journal Article
In: Energy, Sustainability and Society, vol. 12, 2022, ISSN: 2192-0567.
@article{2c4d492b0b7f4792a1fecd19af169d73,
title = {How to avoid unjust energy transitions: insights from the Ruhr region},
author = {Anmol Arora and Heike Schroeder},
doi = {10.1186/s13705-022-00345-5},
issn = {2192-0567},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-06},
journal = {Energy, Sustainability and Society},
volume = {12},
publisher = {BioMed Central},
abstract = {Background: The transition of the Ruhr region in Germany from a hard coal belt into a knowledge-based economy with a dynamic service sector and state of the art universities over the past 60–80 years has been widely touted as a successful example of how just and fair low carbon energy transitions can unfold.Methods: This paper leverages documentary analysis of data across a wide array of sources to test these claims and identify lessons by creating a novel just energy transition framework.Results: The study finds economic motivation, mindset and reorientation—not environmental concerns—to be the defining features for at least the first two decades of this shift. The lack of willingness to acknowledge environmental impacts and market realities has delayed the transition and led to wasteful allocation of resources towards supporting the hard coal mining industry. The prominence given to distributional justice cushions the victims of this transition financially, but does not allow a broad based coalition to advance the transition process. It is in the second phase (mid-1980s onwards that we see procedural aspects of justice come forth and support greater ownership and sustainability of the transition to emerge, while the evidence of recognition justice continues to be scant.Conclusions: There are many nuanced successes in the Ruhr’s example, along with some failures worth highlighting. It is in the breakdown of this transition into two distinct phases and their nuances (particularly in the domain of justice) that fresh insights emerge and allow for a better understanding of what constitutes a suitable energy transition in a particular socio-economic and political context. As the international community embarks on ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets, it can maximise the benefits and minimise the damages and costs by considering these realities on the ground.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: The transition of the Ruhr region in Germany from a hard coal belt into a knowledge-based economy with a dynamic service sector and state of the art universities over the past 60–80 years has been widely touted as a successful example of how just and fair low carbon energy transitions can unfold.Methods: This paper leverages documentary analysis of data across a wide array of sources to test these claims and identify lessons by creating a novel just energy transition framework.Results: The study finds economic motivation, mindset and reorientation—not environmental concerns—to be the defining features for at least the first two decades of this shift. The lack of willingness to acknowledge environmental impacts and market realities has delayed the transition and led to wasteful allocation of resources towards supporting the hard coal mining industry. The prominence given to distributional justice cushions the victims of this transition financially, but does not allow a broad based coalition to advance the transition process. It is in the second phase (mid-1980s onwards that we see procedural aspects of justice come forth and support greater ownership and sustainability of the transition to emerge, while the evidence of recognition justice continues to be scant.Conclusions: There are many nuanced successes in the Ruhr’s example, along with some failures worth highlighting. It is in the breakdown of this transition into two distinct phases and their nuances (particularly in the domain of justice) that fresh insights emerge and allow for a better understanding of what constitutes a suitable energy transition in a particular socio-economic and political context. As the international community embarks on ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets, it can maximise the benefits and minimise the damages and costs by considering these realities on the ground.
3886.
Willis, David; Cameron, Donnie; Kasmai, Bahman; Vassiliou, Vassilios S.; Malcolm, Paul N.; Baio, Gabriella
A novel method for measuring bowel motility and velocity with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in two and three dimensions Journal Article
In: NMR in Biomedicine, vol. 35, no. 5, 2022, ISSN: 0952-3480.
@article{86d1804e1a2949288ef503d0b646992b,
title = {A novel method for measuring bowel motility and velocity with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in two and three dimensions},
author = {David Willis and Donnie Cameron and Bahman Kasmai and Vassilios S. Vassiliou and Paul N. Malcolm and Gabriella Baio},
doi = {10.1002/nbm.4663},
issn = {0952-3480},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-01},
journal = {NMR in Biomedicine},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {Increasingly, dynamic MRI has potential as a non-invasive and accessible tool for diagnosing and monitoring gastrointestinal motility in healthy and diseased bowel. However, current MRI methods of measuring bowel motility have limitations: requiring bowel preparation or long acquisition times; providing mainly surrogate measures of motion; and estimating bowel-wall movement in just two dimensions. In this proof-of-concept study we apply a method that provides a quantitative measure of motion within the bowel, in both 2D and 3D, using existing, vendor-implemented MRI pulse sequences with minimal bowel-preparation. This method uses a minimised cost function to fit linear vectors in the spatial and temporal domains. It is sensitised to the spatial scale of the bowel and aims to address issues relating to the low signal-to-noise in high-temporal resolution dynamic MRI scans, previously compensated for by performing thick-slice (10 mm) 2D coronal scans. We applied both 2D and 3D scanning protocols in two healthy volunteers. For 2D scanning, analysis yielded bi-modal velocity peaks, with a mean antegrade motion of 5.5 mm/s and an additional peak at ~9 mm/s corresponding to longitudinal peristalsis, as supported by intra-operative data from the literature. Furthermore, 3D scans indicated a mean forward motion of 4.7 mm/s, and degrees of ante- and retrograde motion were also established. These measures show promise for the non-invasive assessment of bowel motility, and have the potential to be tuned to particular regions of interest and behaviours within the bowel.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Increasingly, dynamic MRI has potential as a non-invasive and accessible tool for diagnosing and monitoring gastrointestinal motility in healthy and diseased bowel. However, current MRI methods of measuring bowel motility have limitations: requiring bowel preparation or long acquisition times; providing mainly surrogate measures of motion; and estimating bowel-wall movement in just two dimensions. In this proof-of-concept study we apply a method that provides a quantitative measure of motion within the bowel, in both 2D and 3D, using existing, vendor-implemented MRI pulse sequences with minimal bowel-preparation. This method uses a minimised cost function to fit linear vectors in the spatial and temporal domains. It is sensitised to the spatial scale of the bowel and aims to address issues relating to the low signal-to-noise in high-temporal resolution dynamic MRI scans, previously compensated for by performing thick-slice (10 mm) 2D coronal scans. We applied both 2D and 3D scanning protocols in two healthy volunteers. For 2D scanning, analysis yielded bi-modal velocity peaks, with a mean antegrade motion of 5.5 mm/s and an additional peak at ~9 mm/s corresponding to longitudinal peristalsis, as supported by intra-operative data from the literature. Furthermore, 3D scans indicated a mean forward motion of 4.7 mm/s, and degrees of ante- and retrograde motion were also established. These measures show promise for the non-invasive assessment of bowel motility, and have the potential to be tuned to particular regions of interest and behaviours within the bowel.
3885.
Schoenefeld, Jonas J.; Schulze, Kai; Bruch, Nils
The diffusion of climate change adaptation policy Journal Article
In: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 13, no. 3, 2022, ISSN: 1757-7780, (Funding Information: Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.).
@article{40f01f0eb5184aa5a9350b9c8015baec,
title = {The diffusion of climate change adaptation policy},
author = {Jonas J. Schoenefeld and Kai Schulze and Nils Bruch},
doi = {10.1002/wcc.775},
issn = {1757-7780},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-01},
journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
publisher = {Wiley},
abstract = {Adapting to some level of climate change has become unavoidable. However, there is surprisingly limited systematic knowledge about whether and how adaptation policies have diffused and could diffuse in the future. Most existing adaptation studies do not explicitly examine policy diffusion, which is a form of interdependent policy-making among jurisdictions at the same or across different levels of governance. To address this gap, we offer a new interpretation and assessment of the extensive adaptation policy literature through a policy diffusion perspective; we pay specific attention to diffusion drivers and barriers, motivations, mechanisms, outputs, and outcomes. We assess the extent to which four motivations and related mechanisms of policy diffusion—interests (linked with learning and competition), rights and duties (tied to coercion), ideology, and recognition (both connected with emulation)—are conceptually and empirically associated with adaptation. We also engage with adaptation policy characteristics, contextual conditions (e.g., problem severity) and different channels of adaptation policy diffusion (e.g., transnational networks). We demonstrate that adaptation policy diffusion can be associated with different mechanisms, yet many of them remain remarkably understudied. So are the effects of adaptation policy diffusion in terms of changes in vulnerability and resilience. We thus identify manifold avenues for future research, and provide insights for practitioners who may hope to leverage diffusion mechanisms to enhance their adaptation efforts.},
note = {Funding Information: Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Adapting to some level of climate change has become unavoidable. However, there is surprisingly limited systematic knowledge about whether and how adaptation policies have diffused and could diffuse in the future. Most existing adaptation studies do not explicitly examine policy diffusion, which is a form of interdependent policy-making among jurisdictions at the same or across different levels of governance. To address this gap, we offer a new interpretation and assessment of the extensive adaptation policy literature through a policy diffusion perspective; we pay specific attention to diffusion drivers and barriers, motivations, mechanisms, outputs, and outcomes. We assess the extent to which four motivations and related mechanisms of policy diffusion—interests (linked with learning and competition), rights and duties (tied to coercion), ideology, and recognition (both connected with emulation)—are conceptually and empirically associated with adaptation. We also engage with adaptation policy characteristics, contextual conditions (e.g., problem severity) and different channels of adaptation policy diffusion (e.g., transnational networks). We demonstrate that adaptation policy diffusion can be associated with different mechanisms, yet many of them remain remarkably understudied. So are the effects of adaptation policy diffusion in terms of changes in vulnerability and resilience. We thus identify manifold avenues for future research, and provide insights for practitioners who may hope to leverage diffusion mechanisms to enhance their adaptation efforts.
3884.
Izquierdo-Tort, Santiago; Corbera, Esteve; Martin, Adrian; Lillo, Julia Carabias; Dupras, Jér^ome
Contradictory distributive principles and land tenure govern benefit-sharing of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Chiapas, Mexico Journal Article
In: Environmental Research Letters, vol. 17, no. 5, 2022, ISSN: 1748-9326, (Data availability statement: The data generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available for legal/ethical reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding: S I T and J D acknowledge the financial support of Ouranos (RF580003), Mitacs (IT10488), and the Canada Research Chair in Ecological Economics. S I T and E C acknowledge the funding of the 'Payment for Ecosystem Services: long-term effectiveness and motivations for the conservation of forest ecosystems' project (PID2019-109758GB-I00), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. S I T and J C L acknowledge the financial support of Alianza WWF-Fundación Carlos Slim. S I T acknowledges the financial support of Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). E C acknowledges that this work contributes to the 'María de Maeztu' Programme for Units of Excellence Innovation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2019-000940-M).).
@article{04949493785745768137ca0cd951c4eb,
title = {Contradictory distributive principles and land tenure govern benefit-sharing of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Chiapas, Mexico},
author = {Santiago Izquierdo-Tort and Esteve Corbera and Adrian Martin and Julia Carabias Lillo and Jér^ome Dupras},
doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac6686},
issn = {1748-9326},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-28},
journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd},
abstract = {Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are incentive-based instruments that provide conditional economic incentives for natural resources management. Research has shown that when economic incentives are parachuted into rural communities, participation and benefits are collectively negotiated and shared. However, we know little about how benefit-sharing evolves over time in community-based PES. To address this gap, we examine distributional justice in four communities of the state of Chiapas, Mexico, which participate in a PES programme, and we assess how local justice principles compare with the programme's goals. Our analysis reveals patterns of both continuity and change in how communities share PES benefits, which reflect a suite of contradictory justice principles, including entitlement, merit, need, and equality. The studied communities distribute PES benefits by providing differentiated compensation to diverse groups of landholders via private cash payments, whilst also attending non-landed community members through public infrastructure investments. We show that benefit-sharing is strongly influenced by pre-existing land tenure features and associated norms, which in the study area include three different types of individual and common-property. Yet, we also show that communities continuously adjust benefit-sharing arrangements to navigate distributional challenges emerging from programme engagement. Overall, we provide novel insights on the evolution, diversity, and complexity of distributive justice in community-based PES and we advocate for a context-sensitive, nuanced, and dynamic account of justice in incentive-based conservation.},
note = {Data availability statement: The data generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available for legal/ethical reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding: S I T and J D acknowledge the financial support of Ouranos (RF580003), Mitacs (IT10488), and the Canada Research Chair in Ecological Economics. S I T and E C acknowledge the funding of the 'Payment for Ecosystem Services: long-term effectiveness and motivations for the conservation of forest ecosystems' project (PID2019-109758GB-I00), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. S I T and J C L acknowledge the financial support of Alianza WWF-Fundación Carlos Slim. S I T acknowledges the financial support of Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT). E C acknowledges that this work contributes to the 'María de Maeztu' Programme for Units of Excellence Innovation of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CEX2019-000940-M).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are incentive-based instruments that provide conditional economic incentives for natural resources management. Research has shown that when economic incentives are parachuted into rural communities, participation and benefits are collectively negotiated and shared. However, we know little about how benefit-sharing evolves over time in community-based PES. To address this gap, we examine distributional justice in four communities of the state of Chiapas, Mexico, which participate in a PES programme, and we assess how local justice principles compare with the programme's goals. Our analysis reveals patterns of both continuity and change in how communities share PES benefits, which reflect a suite of contradictory justice principles, including entitlement, merit, need, and equality. The studied communities distribute PES benefits by providing differentiated compensation to diverse groups of landholders via private cash payments, whilst also attending non-landed community members through public infrastructure investments. We show that benefit-sharing is strongly influenced by pre-existing land tenure features and associated norms, which in the study area include three different types of individual and common-property. Yet, we also show that communities continuously adjust benefit-sharing arrangements to navigate distributional challenges emerging from programme engagement. Overall, we provide novel insights on the evolution, diversity, and complexity of distributive justice in community-based PES and we advocate for a context-sensitive, nuanced, and dynamic account of justice in incentive-based conservation.
3883.
Valdes, Cristina Sala; Barros, Nohora; Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez; del Pilar Salamanca, Maria; Padilla, Santiago; Uribe, John Jairo; Alvarez, Monica
Paces locales y estrategias transformadoras: más allá de la paz dominante en el sur del Tolima Book Chapter
In: Uribe, John Jairo; Rodríguez, Ioki; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.): Paces desde abajo. Desafio y oportunidaes de otra paz, pp. 91–118, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, 2022, ISBN: 78-958-784-888-5.
@inbook{301c5179fe60440a9c730db3175c8aae,
title = {Paces locales y estrategias transformadoras: más allá de la paz dominante en el sur del Tolima},
author = {Cristina Sala Valdes and Nohora Barros and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Maria del Pilar Salamanca and Santiago Padilla and John Jairo Uribe and Monica Alvarez},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Ioki Rodríguez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {78-958-784-888-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
booktitle = {Paces desde abajo. Desafio y oportunidaes de otra paz},
pages = {91--118},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
3882.
Uribe, John Jairo; Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.)
Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra Paz Book
First edition, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, 2022, ISBN: 9789587848885.
@book{e9c2b1a7302f4ffe806cdc65495cc681,
title = {Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra Paz},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {9789587848885},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
edition = {First edition},
abstract = {Peace built from the territories is the result of an interaction between state recognition/alignment processes, the presence of violent actors, and the dynamics of local autonomy. The chapters that make up this book broaden, deepen, and problematize these thematic axes. Each chapter addresses and offers a rich panorama of how local peace processes are created. Focusing on the department of Tolima, this book aims to create a narrative against the dominant discourses of peace in Colombia and analyzes the various ways in which local communities have been constructing other conceptions and practices of peace. The journey demonstrates the need to recognize other ways of building peace beyond the official narratives and institutional arrangements focused on reincorporation, violence reduction, and victim reparations. The regional tensions analyzed here show that, despite the constraints imposed by violent actors and public policies, organizations and communities have been able to create multiple proposals that require establishing a dialogue among them, as well as with the academia, the media, activists, society, and the international community.society, and the international community.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
Peace built from the territories is the result of an interaction between state recognition/alignment processes, the presence of violent actors, and the dynamics of local autonomy. The chapters that make up this book broaden, deepen, and problematize these thematic axes. Each chapter addresses and offers a rich panorama of how local peace processes are created. Focusing on the department of Tolima, this book aims to create a narrative against the dominant discourses of peace in Colombia and analyzes the various ways in which local communities have been constructing other conceptions and practices of peace. The journey demonstrates the need to recognize other ways of building peace beyond the official narratives and institutional arrangements focused on reincorporation, violence reduction, and victim reparations. The regional tensions analyzed here show that, despite the constraints imposed by violent actors and public policies, organizations and communities have been able to create multiple proposals that require establishing a dialogue among them, as well as with the academia, the media, activists, society, and the international community.society, and the international community.
3881.
Uribe, John Jairo; Padilla, Santiago; Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez; Theuerkauf, Ulrike; Valdes, Cristina Sala; Barros, Nohora; del Pilar Salamanca, Maria; Alvarez, Monica
Legitimidades en disputa: la construcción estatal en escenarios de posconflicto Book Chapter
In: Uribe, John Jairo; Rodríguez, Ioki; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.): Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz., pp. 21–52, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, First edition, 2022, ISBN: 978-958-784-888-5.
@inbook{fa4d127d02ad4b37af7382f64c8efca2,
title = {Legitimidades en disputa: la construcción estatal en escenarios de posconflicto},
author = {John Jairo Uribe and Santiago Padilla and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Ulrike Theuerkauf and Cristina Sala Valdes and Nohora Barros and Maria del Pilar Salamanca and Monica Alvarez},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Ioki Rodríguez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {978-958-784-888-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
booktitle = {Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz.},
pages = {21--52},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
edition = {First edition},
abstract = {Esquemáticamente, se puede plantear que gran parte de las investigaciones sobre la paz en Colombia se centran en las dinámicas de victimización y en la lógica del conflicto. En efecto, las series del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica parten de esta perspectiva, aun cuando han referido estrategias de resistencia local y mencionan numerosos casos de construcción de paz en medio de la guerra. La paz desde la perspectiva del conflicto, se define como un proceso de desarme, reintegración y reparación. Sin embargo, vienen emergiendo otras lecturas que enfatizan las capacidades de las comunidades locales para soportar, negociar e, incluso, oponerse a los actores armados (Salamanca y Uribe, 2019). En esta línea, la paz se propone como un proceso que implica la transformación de relaciones de poder y de conflictos que emergen una vez se silencian los fusiles (Mac Ginty, 2008, 2010; Roberts, 2011). Esta perspectiva abre espacios para concepciones que superan la llamada estatalización y securitization de la paz. De esto trata este capitulo},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
Esquemáticamente, se puede plantear que gran parte de las investigaciones sobre la paz en Colombia se centran en las dinámicas de victimización y en la lógica del conflicto. En efecto, las series del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica parten de esta perspectiva, aun cuando han referido estrategias de resistencia local y mencionan numerosos casos de construcción de paz en medio de la guerra. La paz desde la perspectiva del conflicto, se define como un proceso de desarme, reintegración y reparación. Sin embargo, vienen emergiendo otras lecturas que enfatizan las capacidades de las comunidades locales para soportar, negociar e, incluso, oponerse a los actores armados (Salamanca y Uribe, 2019). En esta línea, la paz se propone como un proceso que implica la transformación de relaciones de poder y de conflictos que emergen una vez se silencian los fusiles (Mac Ginty, 2008, 2010; Roberts, 2011). Esta perspectiva abre espacios para concepciones que superan la llamada estatalización y securitization de la paz. De esto trata este capitulo
3880.
Uribe, John Jairo; Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez; Baquero, Jairo
Introduccion Book Chapter
In: Uribe, John Jairo; Rodríguez, Ioki; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.): Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz, pp. 1–19, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, 2022, ISBN: 978-958-784-888-5.
@inbook{d6bfbb7b90194384a767805144462697,
title = {Introduccion},
author = {John Jairo Uribe and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Jairo Baquero},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Ioki Rodríguez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {978-958-784-888-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
booktitle = {Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz},
pages = {1--19},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
3879.
Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez; Valdes, Cristina Sala; Barros, Nohora; del Pilar Salamanca, Maria; Padilla, Santiago; Burneo, Teresa Armijos
El papel de la investigacion accion transformadora en la construccion de paz territorial Book Chapter
In: Uribe, John Jairo; Rodríguez, Ioki; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.): Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz., pp. 53, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, 2022, ISBN: 78-958-784-888-5.
@inbook{86d5448f42444a0fb23b740ba13b0d85,
title = {El papel de la investigacion accion transformadora en la construccion de paz territorial},
author = {Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez and Cristina Sala Valdes and Nohora Barros and Maria del Pilar Salamanca and Santiago Padilla and Teresa Armijos Burneo},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Ioki Rodríguez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {78-958-784-888-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
booktitle = {Paces desde abajo. Desafios y oportunidades de otra paz.},
pages = {53},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
abstract = {A pesar de la amplia gama de temas de investigación sobre el conflicto armado y la construcción de paz en Colombia, poco se habla del rol que puede tener la investigación como motor de cambio en esa transición de la guerra a la paz cuando se hace con los propios actores que han formado parte de las dinámicas del conflicto. Este capítulo ofrece esta perspectiva. Para ello nos basamos en la experiencia del proyecto “Escuela, territorio y posconflicto”, trabajando con organizaciones comunitarias del sur del Tolima en el estudio de sus experiencias de construcción de paz en medio del conflicto armado.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
A pesar de la amplia gama de temas de investigación sobre el conflicto armado y la construcción de paz en Colombia, poco se habla del rol que puede tener la investigación como motor de cambio en esa transición de la guerra a la paz cuando se hace con los propios actores que han formado parte de las dinámicas del conflicto. Este capítulo ofrece esta perspectiva. Para ello nos basamos en la experiencia del proyecto “Escuela, territorio y posconflicto”, trabajando con organizaciones comunitarias del sur del Tolima en el estudio de sus experiencias de construcción de paz en medio del conflicto armado.
3878.
Ardila, Juan David; Fernandez, Iokine Rodriguez
El Estado y la construcción de paz territorial en San Vicente del Caguán y Tumaco (Colombia) Book Chapter
In: Uribe, John Jairo; Rodríguez, Ioki; Baquero, Jairo (Ed.): Paces desde abajo. Deasafio y oportunidades de otra paz, pp. 189–223, Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario, First edition, 2022, ISBN: 978-958-784-888-5.
@inbook{cbfb9935a6fa4ec187ec44293e13922c,
title = {El Estado y la construcción de paz territorial en San Vicente del Caguán y Tumaco (Colombia)},
author = {Juan David Ardila and Iokine Rodriguez Fernandez},
editor = {John Jairo Uribe and Ioki Rodríguez and Jairo Baquero},
isbn = {978-958-784-888-5},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-27},
booktitle = {Paces desde abajo. Deasafio y oportunidades de otra paz},
pages = {189--223},
publisher = {Editorial Uniersidad del Rosario},
edition = {First edition},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inbook}
}
3877.
Smith, Gillian; Harcourt, Sally; Hoang, Uy; Lemanska, Agnieszka; Elliott, Alex J.; Morbey, Roger A.; Hughes, Helen; Lake, Iain; Edeghere, Obaghe; Oliver, Isabel; Sherlock, Julian; Aml^ot, Richard; Lusignan, Simon
Observational study of mental health presentations across healthcare setting during the first 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in England Journal Article
In: Journal of Medical Internet Research, 2022, ISSN: 1439-4456, (Funding: GES, AJE, RM, IRL and RA receive support from the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London in partnership with UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), in collaboration with the University of East Anglia. IO receives support from the NIHR HPRU in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at the University of Bristol. GES, AJE, HH, IRL and OE receive support from the NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool. AL received support from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK through the cross-theme National Measurement Strategy under the Life Sciences & Healthcare theme (Digital Health [122471] Data Curation programme) which was funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care.).
@article{34db64ed172549cb9e07819365af1589,
title = {Observational study of mental health presentations across healthcare setting during the first 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in England},
author = {Gillian Smith and Sally Harcourt and Uy Hoang and Agnieszka Lemanska and Alex J. Elliott and Roger A. Morbey and Helen Hughes and Iain Lake and Obaghe Edeghere and Isabel Oliver and Julian Sherlock and Richard Aml^ot and Simon Lusignan},
doi = {10.2196/32347},
issn = {1439-4456},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-26},
journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
publisher = {JMIR Publications},
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented impact on the day to day lives of people, with several features potentially adversely affecting mental health. There is growing evidence of the size of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health, but much of this is from ongoing population surveys using validated mental health scores.Objective: This study investigated the impact of the pandemic and control measures on mental health conditions presenting to a spectrum of national healthcare services monitored using real-time syndromic surveillance in England.Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational descriptive study of mental health presentations (those calling the national medical helpline, NHS 111, consulting general practitioners in and out-of-hours, calling ambulance services and attending emergency departments) between 1 January 2019 to 30 September 2020. Estimates for the impact of lockdown measures were provided using an interrupted time series analysis.Results: Mental health presentations showed a marked decrease during the early stages of the pandemic. Post-lockdown, attendances for mental health conditions reached higher than pre-pandemic levels across most systems; a rise of 10% compared to expected for NHS 111 and 21% for GP out-of-hours whilst the number of consultations to in-hours GPs was 13% lower compared to the same time last year. Increases were observed in calls to NHS 111 for sleep problems.Conclusions: These analyses showed marked changes in the healthcare attendances and prescribing for common mental health issues, across a spectrum of healthcare provision, with some of these changes persisting. The reasons for such changes are likely to be complex and multifactorial. The impact of the pandemic on mental health may not be fully understood for some time, and therefore these syndromic indicators should continue to be monitored.},
note = {Funding: GES, AJE, RM, IRL and RA receive support from the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London in partnership with UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), in collaboration with the University of East Anglia. IO receives support from the NIHR HPRU in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at the University of Bristol. GES, AJE, HH, IRL and OE receive support from the NIHR HPRU in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool. AL received support from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), UK through the cross-theme National Measurement Strategy under the Life Sciences & Healthcare theme (Digital Health [122471] Data Curation programme) which was funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented impact on the day to day lives of people, with several features potentially adversely affecting mental health. There is growing evidence of the size of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health, but much of this is from ongoing population surveys using validated mental health scores.Objective: This study investigated the impact of the pandemic and control measures on mental health conditions presenting to a spectrum of national healthcare services monitored using real-time syndromic surveillance in England.Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational descriptive study of mental health presentations (those calling the national medical helpline, NHS 111, consulting general practitioners in and out-of-hours, calling ambulance services and attending emergency departments) between 1 January 2019 to 30 September 2020. Estimates for the impact of lockdown measures were provided using an interrupted time series analysis.Results: Mental health presentations showed a marked decrease during the early stages of the pandemic. Post-lockdown, attendances for mental health conditions reached higher than pre-pandemic levels across most systems; a rise of 10% compared to expected for NHS 111 and 21% for GP out-of-hours whilst the number of consultations to in-hours GPs was 13% lower compared to the same time last year. Increases were observed in calls to NHS 111 for sleep problems.Conclusions: These analyses showed marked changes in the healthcare attendances and prescribing for common mental health issues, across a spectrum of healthcare provision, with some of these changes persisting. The reasons for such changes are likely to be complex and multifactorial. The impact of the pandemic on mental health may not be fully understood for some time, and therefore these syndromic indicators should continue to be monitored.
3876.
Friedlingstein, Pierre; Jones, Matthew W.; O'Sullivan, Michael; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Hauck, Judith; Quéré, Corinne Le; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Pongratz, Julia; Sitch, Stephen; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Alin, Simone R.; Anthoni, Peter; Bates, Nicholas R.; Becker, Meike; Bellouin, Nicolas; Bopp, Laurent; Chau, Thi Tuyet Trang; Chevallier, Frédéric; Chini, Louise P.; Cronin, Margot; Currie, Kim I.; Decharme, Bertrand; Djeutchouang, Laique; Dou, Xinyu; Evans, Wiley; Feely, Richard A.; Feng, Liang; Gasser, Thomas; Gilfillan, Dennis; Gkritzalis, Thanos; Grassi, Giacomo; Gregor, Luke; Gruber, Nicolas; Gürses, Özgür; Harris, Ian; Houghton, Richard A.; Hurtt, George C.; Iida, Yosuke; Ilyina, Tatiana; Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Jain, Atul K.; Jones, Steve D.; Kato, Etsushi; Kennedy, Daniel; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Knauer, Jürgen; Korsbakken, Jan Ivar; Körtzinger, Arne; Landschützer, Peter; Lauvset, Siv K.; Lef`evre, Nathalie; Lienert, Sebastian; Liu, Junjie; Marland, Gregg; McGuire, Patrick C.; Melton, Joe R.; Munro, David R.; Nabel, Julia E. M. S.; Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro; Niwa, Yosuke; Ono, Tsuneo; Pierrot, Denis; Poulter, Benjamin; Rehder, Gregor; Resplandy, Laure; Robertson, Eddy; Rödenbeck, Christian; Rosan, Thais M.; Schwinger, Jörg; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Seferian, Roland; Sutton, Adrienne J.; Sweeney, Colm; Tanhua, Toste; Tans, Pieter P.; Tian, Hanqin; Tilbrook, Bronte; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Werf, Guido R.; Vuichard, Nicolas; Wada, Chisato; Wanninkhof, Rik; Watson, Andrew; Willis, David; Wiltshire, Andrew J.; Yuan, Wenping; Yue, Chao; Yue, Xu; Zaehle, Sönke; Zeng, Jiye
Global Carbon Budget 2021 Journal Article
In: Earth System Science Data, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1917–2005, 2022, ISSN: 1866-3508.
@article{e7113e5760db4f4ba3611f5a09e92b75,
title = {Global Carbon Budget 2021},
author = {Pierre Friedlingstein and Matthew W. Jones and Michael O'Sullivan and Robbie M. Andrew and Dorothee C. E. Bakker and Judith Hauck and Corinne Le Quéré and Glen P. Peters and Wouter Peters and Julia Pongratz and Stephen Sitch and Josep G. Canadell and Philippe Ciais and Robert B. Jackson and Simone R. Alin and Peter Anthoni and Nicholas R. Bates and Meike Becker and Nicolas Bellouin and Laurent Bopp and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau and Frédéric Chevallier and Louise P. Chini and Margot Cronin and Kim I. Currie and Bertrand Decharme and Laique Djeutchouang and Xinyu Dou and Wiley Evans and Richard A. Feely and Liang Feng and Thomas Gasser and Dennis Gilfillan and Thanos Gkritzalis and Giacomo Grassi and Luke Gregor and Nicolas Gruber and Özgür Gürses and Ian Harris and Richard A. Houghton and George C. Hurtt and Yosuke Iida and Tatiana Ilyina and Ingrid T. Laan-Luijkx and Atul K. Jain and Steve D. Jones and Etsushi Kato and Daniel Kennedy and Kees Klein Goldewijk and Jürgen Knauer and Jan Ivar Korsbakken and Arne Körtzinger and Peter Landschützer and Siv K. Lauvset and Nathalie Lef`evre and Sebastian Lienert and Junjie Liu and Gregg Marland and Patrick C. McGuire and Joe R. Melton and David R. Munro and Julia E. M. S. Nabel and Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka and Yosuke Niwa and Tsuneo Ono and Denis Pierrot and Benjamin Poulter and Gregor Rehder and Laure Resplandy and Eddy Robertson and Christian Rödenbeck and Thais M. Rosan and Jörg Schwinger and Clemens Schwingshackl and Roland Seferian and Adrienne J. Sutton and Colm Sweeney and Toste Tanhua and Pieter P. Tans and Hanqin Tian and Bronte Tilbrook and Francesco N. Tubiello and Guido R. Werf and Nicolas Vuichard and Chisato Wada and Rik Wanninkhof and Andrew Watson and David Willis and Andrew J. Wiltshire and Wenping Yuan and Chao Yue and Xu Yue and Sönke Zaehle and Jiye Zeng},
doi = {10.5194/essd-2021-386},
issn = {1866-3508},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-26},
journal = {Earth System Science Data},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {1917–2005},
publisher = {Copernicus Publications},
abstract = {Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries’ climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra- tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data-products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our ELUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gases inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries’ climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1 and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021, suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.9 % (4.1 % to 5.7 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra- tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2020; Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, 2018a, 2016, 2015b, 2015a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021).
3875.
Prakash, Anjal; McGlade, Katriona; Roxy, Mathew Koll; Roy, Joyashree; Some, Shreya; Rao, Nitya
Climate adaptation interventions in coastal areas: A rapid review of social and gendered dimensions Journal Article
In: Frontiers in Climate, vol. 4, 2022, ISSN: 2624-9553.
@article{0fcff5b8357c44539bacea8eb5c916a4,
title = {Climate adaptation interventions in coastal areas: A rapid review of social and gendered dimensions},
author = {Anjal Prakash and Katriona McGlade and Mathew Koll Roxy and Joyashree Roy and Shreya Some and Nitya Rao},
doi = {10.3389/fclim.2022.785212},
issn = {2624-9553},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-25},
journal = {Frontiers in Climate},
volume = {4},
publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},
abstract = {In this paper, we present the results of a rapid review of the literature on gender and coastal climate adaptation. The IPCC’s 2019 Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere (SROCC) highlighted some of the major ways in which gender inequality interacts with coastal climate change. However, the report does not consider how gender interacts with adaptation interventions. This review was driven by the need to understand these dynamics in more detail as well as deepen the understanding of how coastal climate adaptation affects the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. Our analysis is based on a screening of over 1000 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014-2020. The results were strongly populated by natural science publications leading to very low coverage of gender as a social dimension of adaptation. Of the papers reviewed, a mere 2.6% discussed gender and often only in a cursory way. While the literature surveyed does not allow us to close the gap present in the SROCC in any meaningful way, the results do provide important new insights from the literature that does exist. Of particular note is the fact that adaptation measures may have positive and negative gender outcomes currently invisible under the SDG5 framework. We conclude that there is a need to collect gender-disaggregated data on coastal adaptation efforts and to review SDG5 targets and indicators to ensure that the gender dimensions of climate adaptation are fully captured and accounted for.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper, we present the results of a rapid review of the literature on gender and coastal climate adaptation. The IPCC’s 2019 Special Report on Oceans and Cryosphere (SROCC) highlighted some of the major ways in which gender inequality interacts with coastal climate change. However, the report does not consider how gender interacts with adaptation interventions. This review was driven by the need to understand these dynamics in more detail as well as deepen the understanding of how coastal climate adaptation affects the attainment of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. Our analysis is based on a screening of over 1000 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014-2020. The results were strongly populated by natural science publications leading to very low coverage of gender as a social dimension of adaptation. Of the papers reviewed, a mere 2.6% discussed gender and often only in a cursory way. While the literature surveyed does not allow us to close the gap present in the SROCC in any meaningful way, the results do provide important new insights from the literature that does exist. Of particular note is the fact that adaptation measures may have positive and negative gender outcomes currently invisible under the SDG5 framework. We conclude that there is a need to collect gender-disaggregated data on coastal adaptation efforts and to review SDG5 targets and indicators to ensure that the gender dimensions of climate adaptation are fully captured and accounted for.
Publications by type
Menu
