Carly McLachlan

@article{a19367c0cabd4af0874922e322db8e76,

title = {Financing grassroots innovation diffusion pathways: the case of UK community energy},

author = {Iain Cairns and Matthew Hannon and Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Carly Mclachlan and Sarah Mander and Jeff Hardy and Maria Sharmina and Ed Manderson},

doi = {10.1016/j.eist.2022.11.004},

issn = {2210-4224},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-01},

journal = {Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions},

volume = {46},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {This paper explores how finance can better support the diffusion of Grassroots Innovations (GIs), community-led solutions for net-zero transitions. We examine the case of UK community energy (CE), across three ‘diffusion pathways’: niche replication (growth in the number of projects), individual scaling (growth in an organisation's scale) and collective diffusion (a confederation of GIs). We investigate each pathway through analysis of a nationwide survey, interviews and four case studies. We find that while finance currently supports replication of small-scale CE projects, the incompatibility between GIs and the wider finance meta-regime inhibits individual scaling. The UK CE sector has responded with collective diffusion, via business group intermediaries; attracting greater but still insufficient finance. Consequently, for GIs to diffuse effectively, they must be supported to translate across both sectoral regimes (e.g. energy) and broader meta-regimes (e.g. finance). This paper contributes to theory on the role of finance in sociotechnical transitions and the role of intermediaries in GI diffusion.},

note = {Funding Information: Fourth, even though the public sector has intervened, introducing new rule sets into the finance meta-regime to support small scale development, thus far this has been insufficient to drive widespread diffusion of CE. The devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales have moved to address a shortage of capital investment for small scale ventures ( Fig. 2 ). In Scotland, for example, the Scottish Government-backed Energy Investment Fund operates as a secondary lender to supply small sums of capital and de-risk investment for private banks ( Cairns et al., 2020c ). Conversely, smaller scale projects receive limited finance support from the UK government. Publisher Copyright: © 2022},

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@article{a671d80d2f284e7a9213d8759446fc0a,

title = {What does the Paris Climate Change Agreement mean for local policy? Downscaling the remaining global carbon budget to sub-national areas.},

author = {Jaise Kuriakose and Christopher Jones and Kevin Anderson and Carly McLachlan and John Broderick},

doi = {10.1016/j.rset.2022.100030},

issn = {2667-095X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-08-01},

journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Following high profile United Nations climate summits in Glasgow and Paris, sub-national regions and cities are increasingly seeking to set climate targets and policies in line with the Paris Agreement’s goals. Downscaled carbon budgets are a useful framework for setting local mitigation targets related to a specific global temperature change. However, doing so presents a range of methodological issues, including: choices on the appropriate goals to set, the scope of emissions and sectors, the allocation approaches to apply, whether offset credits and/or carbon dioxide removals are acceptable and, if so, to what extent. This paper details a novel and transparent methodology for downscaling a Paris-aligned global carbon budget to sub-national areas, focusing on emissions from energy (power, heat, cooling, surface transport and industry). The effects of different global carbon budgets, various net zero targets and allocation methods on the size of sub-national budgets and associated mitigation rates are explored. The resulting budgets and annual emission reduction rates vary significantly, reflecting the implications of both high-level methodological choices and local factors, including economic activity, energy-system structure and population. Recent historical emissions (grandfathering) are found to be more appropriate for allocating national carbon budgets to sub-national areas than capability or egalitarian allocations. In the UK case study presented, adopting a grandfathering approach, the annual mitigation rates range from 7% to 16% between different sub-national areas. The analysis concludes that establishing agreed sub-national allocation approaches and boundaries are key to developing coherent national strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement’s temperature and equity commitments.},

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@article{0014ec7ce3094223b3577ef4b48cdb6fb,

title = {The long term future for community energy in Great Britain: a co-created vision of a thriving sector and steps towards realising it},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Carly McLachlan and Sarah Mander and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Iain Cairns and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2021.102044},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-16},

journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},

volume = {78},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Explorations of the longer-term potential for community energy to contribute to the energy transition can shape policy and practice today. However, much community energy research in Great Britain is currently, and understandably, focussed on short-term responses to the crisis in the sector induced by recent shifts in policy support. Therefore, we held a series of visioning and backcasting workshops with community energy practitioners and other stakeholders, to co-create a vision of a long term future where there is a thriving community energy sector.This paper presents the results of those workshops. Using the concept of business models to interrogate how community energy could be structured in the future, we find that the sector could diversify from its current focus on renewable electricity generation and energy efficiency, into new areas of the energy system: demand-side flexibility, mobility and heat. We also see potential for a Community Energy Confederation to help bridge the gap between the strengths of local organising, and the opportunities offered by larger scale activities. We identify the importance of actions by government – both at national and local level – to realising this vision, in combination with the efforts of the community energy sector itself of course. We conclude that our research highlights the need for change in the institutional and spatial character of community energy; the sector’s pragmatic attitude to the technological aspects of the energy transition; and its focus on community energy’s role in delivering social and environmental co-benefits, in line with the concept of a just transition.},

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@article{0014ec7ce3094223b3577ef4b48cdb6f,

title = {The long term future for community energy in Great Britain: a co-created vision of a thriving sector and steps towards realising it},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Carly McLachlan and Sarah Mander and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Iain Cairns and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2021.102044},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-16},

journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},

volume = {78},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Explorations of the longer-term potential for community energy to contribute to the energy transition can shape policy and practice today. However, much community energy research in Great Britain is currently, and understandably, focussed on short-term responses to the crisis in the sector induced by recent shifts in policy support. Therefore, we held a series of visioning and backcasting workshops with community energy practitioners and other stakeholders, to co-create a vision of a long term future where there is a thriving community energy sector.This paper presents the results of those workshops. Using the concept of business models to interrogate how community energy could be structured in the future, we find that the sector could diversify from its current focus on renewable electricity generation and energy efficiency, into new areas of the energy system: demand-side flexibility, mobility and heat. We also see potential for a Community Energy Confederation to help bridge the gap between the strengths of local organising, and the opportunities offered by larger scale activities. We identify the importance of actions by government – both at national and local level – to realising this vision, in combination with the efforts of the community energy sector itself of course. We conclude that our research highlights the need for change in the institutional and spatial character of community energy; the sector’s pragmatic attitude to the technological aspects of the energy transition; and its focus on community energy’s role in delivering social and environmental co-benefits, in line with the concept of a just transition.},

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@article{3f45699dc91c4b0292b24e9cd195b618b,

title = {Responding to the climate emergency: how are UK universities establishing sustainable workplace routines for flying and food?},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly McLachlan and Christopher Jones and Alice Larkin and Christina Birch and Sarah Mander and John Broderick},

issn = {1469-3062},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-21},

journal = {Climate Policy},

publisher = {Earthscan},

abstract = {Scope 3 emissions from the UK higher education sector are globally significant, and long-distance air travel and catering are particularly emissions-intensive aspects of workplace routine. They each present complex problems, as transition to low-carbon alternatives requires the reconfiguration of professional practices. This paper examines the sustainability policies of 66 UK universities to establish the extent to which planning and action in these areas are commensurate with climate emergency declarations. The findings indicate that universities recognise their role in creating demand for long-distance travel and sustaining high-carbon diets. However, few have specific emissions reduction targets or action plans that would rapidly and substantially reduce emissions in these areas. Discussion focuses on two core points; first, how greater cohesion in reporting and target-setting can be achieved across the sector to raise the ambition of targets and intervention; and second to identify opportunities for institutions to disrupt and reshape professional practices to reduce emissions in these areas.},

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@article{3f45699dc91c4b0292b24e9cd195b618,

title = {Responding to the climate emergency: how are UK universities establishing sustainable workplace routines for flying and food?},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly McLachlan and Christopher Jones and Alice Larkin and Christina Birch and Sarah Mander and John Broderick},

issn = {1469-3062},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-21},

journal = {Climate Policy},

publisher = {Earthscan},

abstract = {Scope 3 emissions from the UK higher education sector are globally significant, and long-distance air travel and catering are particularly emissions-intensive aspects of workplace routine. They each present complex problems, as transition to low-carbon alternatives requires the reconfiguration of professional practices. This paper examines the sustainability policies of 66 UK universities to establish the extent to which planning and action in these areas are commensurate with climate emergency declarations. The findings indicate that universities recognise their role in creating demand for long-distance travel and sustaining high-carbon diets. However, few have specific emissions reduction targets or action plans that would rapidly and substantially reduce emissions in these areas. Discussion focuses on two core points; first, how greater cohesion in reporting and target-setting can be achieved across the sector to raise the ambition of targets and intervention; and second to identify opportunities for institutions to disrupt and reshape professional practices to reduce emissions in these areas.},

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@article{78b0791f800c4ce89c13af8335352306b,

title = {Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth: Visions of future systems and how to get there},

author = {Ioan Fazey and Niko Schäpke and Guido Caniglia and Anthony Hodgson and Ian Kendrick and Christopher Lyon and Glenn Page and James Patterson and Chris Riedy and Tim Strasser and Stephan Verveen and David Adams and Bruce Goldstein and Matthias Klaes and Graham Leicester and Alison Linyard and Adrienne McCurdy and Paul Ryan and Bill Sharpe and Giorgia Silvestri and Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim and David Abson and Olufemi Samson Adetunji and Paulina Aldunce and Carlos Alvarez-Pereira and Jennifer Marie Amparo and Helene Amundsen and Lakin Anderson and Lotta Andersson and Michael Asquith and Karoline Augenstein and Jack Barrie and David Bent and Julia Bentz and Arvid Bergsten and Carol Berzonsky and Olivia Bina and Kirsty Blackstock and Joanna Boehnert and Hilary Bradbury and Christine Brand and Jessica Böhme (born Sangmeister) and Catherine T. Day and Claire Hoolohan and Alice Larkin and Fiona Marshall and Carly McLachlan and Karen ÓBrien and Helen Ross and Stephen Williams},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101724},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Energy Research and Social Science},

volume = {70},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Formalised knowledge systems, including universities and research institutes, are important for contemporary societies. They are, however, also arguably failing humanity when their impact is measured against the level of progress being made in stimulating the societal changes needed to address challenges like climate change. In this research we used a novel futures-oriented and participatory approach that asked what future envisioned knowledge systems might need to look like and how we might get there. Findings suggest that envisioned future systems will need to be much more collaborative, open, diverse, egalitarian, and able to work with values and systemic issues. They will also need to go beyond producing knowledge about our world to generating wisdom about how to act within it. To get to envisioned systems we will need to rapidly scale methodological innovations, connect innovators, and creatively accelerate learning about working with intractable challenges. We will also need to create new funding schemes, a global knowledge commons, and challenge deeply held assumptions. To genuinely be a creative force in supporting longevity of human and non-human life on our planet, the shift in knowledge systems will probably need to be at the scale of the enlightenment and speed of the scientific and technological revolution accompanying the second World War. This will require bold and strategic action from governments, scientists, civic society and sustained transformational intent.},

note = {Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)},

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}

@article{dc5f21066ccc49fd9922a14e2bb9e765,

title = {How can we engage farmers in bioenergy development? Building a social innovation strategy for rice straw bioenergy in the Philippines and Vietnam},

author = {Angela Mae Minas and Sarah Mander and Carly McLachlan},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101717},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Involving farmers and local communities in bioenergy development is important for the deployment of sustainable bioenergy systems, especially if rural areas are to maximise potential co-benefits from energy provision. Focusing on rice straw bioenergy in the Philippines and Vietnam, our research explored how farmers’ social networks can serve as a platform for social innovation – an emerging approach to energy transitions aimed at delivering solutions by empowering local people. Specifically, we used tools in social network analysis to map how farmers mobilise resources within their communities, who influences their decisions on the farm, and the stories embedded in their interactions. This allowed us to develop insights on how different actors in farmers’ networks may be best connected to support collaborative partnerships and co-designing of solutions that meet their development needs. Our results showed potential windows of opportunity to engage farmers in bioenergy development. First, by connecting them to resource providers; and second, by developing capacities and network structures in rice farming communities to enable more resource sharing. Based on these, we propose a social innovation strategy useful for bioenergy project developers and local stakeholders to help ensure that farmers and other actors in the community can take active roles in the rice straw bioenergy development process.},

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@article{78b0791f800c4ce89c13af8335352306,

title = {Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth: Visions of future systems and how to get there},

author = {Ioan Fazey and Niko Schäpke and Guido Caniglia and Anthony Hodgson and Ian Kendrick and Christopher Lyon and Glenn Page and James Patterson and Chris Riedy and Tim Strasser and Stephan Verveen and David Adams and Bruce Goldstein and Matthias Klaes and Graham Leicester and Alison Linyard and Adrienne McCurdy and Paul Ryan and Bill Sharpe and Giorgia Silvestri and Ali Yansyah Abdurrahim and David Abson and Olufemi Samson Adetunji and Paulina Aldunce and Carlos Alvarez-Pereira and Jennifer Marie Amparo and Helene Amundsen and Lakin Anderson and Lotta Andersson and Michael Asquith and Karoline Augenstein and Jack Barrie and David Bent and Julia Bentz and Arvid Bergsten and Carol Berzonsky and Olivia Bina and Kirsty Blackstock and Joanna Boehnert and Hilary Bradbury and Christine Brand and Jessica Böhme (born Sangmeister) and Catherine T. Day and Claire Hoolohan and Alice Larkin and Fiona Marshall and Carly McLachlan and Karen ÓBrien and Helen Ross and Stephen Williams},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2020.101724},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-12-01},

journal = {Energy Research and Social Science},

volume = {70},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Formalised knowledge systems, including universities and research institutes, are important for contemporary societies. They are, however, also arguably failing humanity when their impact is measured against the level of progress being made in stimulating the societal changes needed to address challenges like climate change. In this research we used a novel futures-oriented and participatory approach that asked what future envisioned knowledge systems might need to look like and how we might get there. Findings suggest that envisioned future systems will need to be much more collaborative, open, diverse, egalitarian, and able to work with values and systemic issues. They will also need to go beyond producing knowledge about our world to generating wisdom about how to act within it. To get to envisioned systems we will need to rapidly scale methodological innovations, connect innovators, and creatively accelerate learning about working with intractable challenges. We will also need to create new funding schemes, a global knowledge commons, and challenge deeply held assumptions. To genuinely be a creative force in supporting longevity of human and non-human life on our planet, the shift in knowledge systems will probably need to be at the scale of the enlightenment and speed of the scientific and technological revolution accompanying the second World War. This will require bold and strategic action from governments, scientists, civic society and sustained transformational intent.},

note = {Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{7161bcfdefee4f2588d4c4aeaa3e59ca,

title = {Embracing context and complexity to address environmental challenges in the water-energy-food nexus},

author = {A. Larkin and C. Hoolohan and C. Mclachlan},

doi = {10.1016/j.futures.2020.102612},

issn = {0016-3287},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-01},

journal = {Futures},

volume = {123},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {Wicked environmental challenges require far-reaching changes to social, economic and technical systems. Yet, dominant ways of assessing how to mitigate global environmental change are highly reductive in their treatment of uncertainty and multidimensionality in these systems. Their common focus on optimal solutions, derived from quantitative techno-economic models, downplays social, geographical and political factors that influence the direction and pace of change. Taking a transdisciplinary approach and using a water-energy-food nexus framing, we demonstrate how participatory scenario analysis can assist stakeholders in articulating why many technologically-focused solutions to complex environmental challenges fail to achieve their intended goals, and how alternative solutions that recognise uncertainty and interdependency can be up-scaled. The findings illustrate the critical importance of changing social, geographical and governance conditions for innovation. The participatory method enables stakeholders to examine the implications of possible future changes and to navigate emergent difficulties and opportunities so that environmental challenges can be addressed effectively. The method allows participants to imagine radically different configurations of socio-technological systems, and examine their feasibility in a manner that challenges the current paradigm in which technologies are more feasible, effective and politically acceptable solutions to global societal challenges than those requiring changes to lifestyles and governance.},

note = {Funding Information: This research was conducted with funding support Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) [Research Grant EP/N00583X/1 ]. Thanks also go to the participants that contributed to the workshop. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.},

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@article{ca3c5aac20b0423fbeb2cb84b68ee200b,

title = {Business Models and Financial Characteristics of Community Energy in the UK},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson and Carly McLachlan and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0546-4},

issn = {2058-7546},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-02-10},

journal = {Nature Energy},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

pages = {169–177},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {Where energy systems are dominated by large-scale actors, community energy represents an alternative model: a decentralised and participatory approach to delivering low-carbon energy projects. This paper presents the first UK-wide quantitative analysis of business models, financing mechanisms and financial performance of community energy projects, using data from a new survey of the sector. We find that business models depend partly on the energy technology used and on project size, in addition to fine-tuning of operations to local contexts. While larger projects rely more heavily on loan financing, community shares are the most commonly used and cheapest financial instrument in the sector. Community energy has thus pioneered low cost citizen finance for renewables, but its potential to grow is threatened by reductions, and instability, in policy support. Over 90% of the projects in our sample made a financial surplus in our single year snapshot, but if we remove income from price guarantee mechanisms, such as the Feed-in Tariff scheme, we find that the number of projects in surplus falls to just 20%. Renewed support and/or business model innovations are therefore needed for the sector to realise its potential contribution to the low-carbon energy transition.},

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@article{ca3c5aac20b0423fbeb2cb84b68ee200,

title = {Business Models and Financial Characteristics of Community Energy in the UK},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson and Carly McLachlan and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1038/s41560-019-0546-4},

issn = {2058-7546},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-02-10},

journal = {Nature Energy},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

pages = {169–177},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {Where energy systems are dominated by large-scale actors, community energy represents an alternative model: a decentralised and participatory approach to delivering low-carbon energy projects. This paper presents the first UK-wide quantitative analysis of business models, financing mechanisms and financial performance of community energy projects, using data from a new survey of the sector. We find that business models depend partly on the energy technology used and on project size, in addition to fine-tuning of operations to local contexts. While larger projects rely more heavily on loan financing, community shares are the most commonly used and cheapest financial instrument in the sector. Community energy has thus pioneered low cost citizen finance for renewables, but its potential to grow is threatened by reductions, and instability, in policy support. Over 90% of the projects in our sample made a financial surplus in our single year snapshot, but if we remove income from price guarantee mechanisms, such as the Feed-in Tariff scheme, we find that the number of projects in surplus falls to just 20%. Renewed support and/or business model innovations are therefore needed for the sector to realise its potential contribution to the low-carbon energy transition.},

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@article{cab90fd0031142c7a8866f475075789ab,

title = {Price support allows communities to raise low-cost citizen finance for renewable energy projects},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson and Carly McLachlan and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0556-2},

issn = {2058-7546},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Nature Energy},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {Community energy groups can raise citizen finance for renewable energy projects at lower interest rates than from commercial lenders, but they often depend on price guarantee schemes. Policies providing price stability and business model innovations are needed to realize the sector’s potential contribution to the zero-carbon energy transition.},

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@article{cab90fd0031142c7a8866f475075789a,

title = {Price support allows communities to raise low-cost citizen finance for renewable energy projects},

author = {Tim Braunholtz-Speight and Maria Sharmina and Edward Manderson and Carly McLachlan and Matthew Hannon and Jeff Hardy and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1038/s41560-020-0556-2},

issn = {2058-7546},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Nature Energy},

volume = {5},

number = {2},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {Community energy groups can raise citizen finance for renewable energy projects at lower interest rates than from commercial lenders, but they often depend on price guarantee schemes. Policies providing price stability and business model innovations are needed to realize the sector’s potential contribution to the zero-carbon energy transition.},

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@article{8809baae958f4782aca35cfd15080dcd,

title = {‘Aha’ moments in the water-energy-food nexus:: A new morphological scenario method to accelerate sustainable transformation},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly McLachlan and Alice Larkin},

doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119712},

issn = {0040-1625},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {The water-energy-food nexus lens highlights the complex relationships and multiple sources of uncertainty that affect the achievement of global sustainable development. Such complexity and uncertainty requires future-oriented research that is effective in gathering experience across disciplines, sectors and scales. Scenario analysis is a proven method for decision support in conditions of uncertainty, shown to provide opportunities for learning that supports transformational change. There are, however, few scenario studies that examine the water-energy-food nexus. This paper presents a novel morphological method for developing and analysing transdisciplinary scenarios that cover the water-energy-food nexus. The method combines existing research to generate of a small suite of scenarios that are able to portray substantial complexity and multidimensionality, yet are fit for use within participatory research. The potential of this method to enhance nexus thinking is discussed, illustrating how it could provide a much-needed platform to support the transition towards sustainability across the nexus. By providing a platform for transdisciplinary dialogue, the scenarios disturb existing assumptions, reintroduce social and justice questions to the technical challenges that face the nexus, and build capacity for sustainable transformation. Further research is required to apply this approach so it can support tangible changes in decision making.},

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@article{1969,

title = {Food related routines and energy policy: A focus group study examining potential for change in the United Kingdom},

author = {Hoolohan C. and Mclachlan C. and S Mander},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303821?via%3Dihub},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.050},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Energy Research and Social Science},

pages = {93-102},

chapter = {93},

abstract = {<p>This paper explores the interlinkages between energy demand and food-related routines, to understand how routines that benefit energy demand management throughout the food system might be encouraged. Building on existing social science research, focus group data are used to examine the routines of people in three work-life situations; working parents, city dwellers, and empty nesters. A critical space in which to examine aspects of everyday life that entrench everyday routines is created by examining peoplestextquoteright feelings about their present routines and their aspirations for change. The resulting discussions illustrate the role of social and temporal commitments in shaping food routines, and how the different modes of provision, meals and methods of cooking used to navigate these commitments influence what is purchased and eaten. These aspects of everyday life therefore contribute to reinforcing and replicating patterns of energy use throughout the food system. The following discussions develop these initial findings to explore how interventions might support individual experimentation with alternative shopping, cooking and eating practices, and in so doing influence the ongoing evolution of food-related routines to the benefit of energy demand management.</p>},

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@article{8cfdc6266b814b3fbcafeee3dcae8b14b,

title = {Engaging stakeholders in research to address water-energy-food (WEF) nexus challenges},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Alice Larkin and Carly Mclachlan and R Falconer and L Soutar and J Suckling and L. Varga and I. Haltas and A. Druckman and D M Lumbroso and M. Scott and D. Gilmour and R. Ledbetter and S. McGrane and C. Mitchell and D. Yu},

doi = {10.1007/s11625-018-0552-7},

issn = {1862-4065},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability Science},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has become a popular, and potentially powerful, frame through which to analyse interactions and interdependencies between these three systems. Though the case for transdisciplinary research in this space has been made, the extent of stakeholder engagement in research remains limited with stakeholders most commonly incorporated in research as end-users. Yet stakeholders interact with nexus issues in a variety of ways, consequently there is much that collaboration might offer to develop nexus research and enhance its application. This paper outlines four aspects of nexus research and considers the value and potential challenges for transdisciplinary research in each. We focus on assessing and visualising nexus systems; understanding governance and capacity building; the importance of scale; and the implications of future change. The paper then proceeds to describe a novel mixed-method study that deeply integrates stakeholder knowledge with insights from multiple disciplines. We argue that mixed-method research designs – in this case orientated around a number of cases studies – are best suited to understanding and addressing real-world nexus challenges, with their inevitable complex, non-linear system characteristics. Moreover, integrating multiple forms of knowledge in the manner described in this paper enables research to assess the potential for, and processes of, scaling up innovations in the nexus space, in order to contribute insights to policy and decision making.},

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@article{d77ccdb4423c4fe8bfa434d8c5c1c3f7b,

title = {Stepping-Up innovations in the water-energy-food nexus: A case study of Anaerobic Digestion in the UK},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Iain Soutar and James Suckling and A. Druckman and Alice Larkin and Carly Mclachlan},

doi = {10.1111/geoj.12259},

issn = {0016-7398},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geographical Journal},

publisher = {John Wiley & Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Grand societal challenges such as climate change, poverty and biodiversity loss call for rapid and radical changes to systems of production and consumption. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the dynamics of innovation, both social and technical, to accelerate innovation diffusion so as to increase the possibility of a step‐change or large‐scale transition. Research on the water–energy–food nexus adds an additional dimension to existing discussions, calling for transitions that recognise the sustainability challenges facing three major resource domains, and the synergies and tensions involved in their management. This paper examines anaerobic digestion (AD) – an example of innovation with potential benefits across the water–energy–food nexus – to understand the conditions that influence the rate of AD implementation and the achievement of its potential multi‐sectoral benefits across the water–energy–food nexus. Interview data regarding 15 AD plants are examined alongside complementary data from interviews and workshops using the Technological Innovation Systems framework. This framework provides an analytical structure through which the processes that enable and constrain the implementation of AD in the UK can be examined, enabling the identification of potential mechanisms to support AD's wider and more effective deployment. The findings call for recognition of the unintended consequences of sectoral support mechanisms for technological adaptation, and consequent performance of AD in other resource domains and call for greater integration between policy mechanisms to enable AD to perform across the nexus. They also highlight a need to assimilate knowledge from multiple sources (including site‐specific understanding gained from experimentation) to enhance the base on which policy and decision‐making occurs. These findings contribute to existing literature on sustainable transitions by examining the complexities of multi‐sectoral resource management in the context of nexus research},

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@article{8cfdc6266b814b3fbcafeee3dcae8b14,

title = {Engaging stakeholders in research to address water-energy-food (WEF) nexus challenges},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Alice Larkin and Carly Mclachlan and R Falconer and L Soutar and J Suckling and L. Varga and I. Haltas and A. Druckman and D M Lumbroso and M. Scott and D. Gilmour and R. Ledbetter and S. McGrane and C. Mitchell and D. Yu},

doi = {10.1007/s11625-018-0552-7},

issn = {1862-4065},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability Science},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

abstract = {The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has become a popular, and potentially powerful, frame through which to analyse interactions and interdependencies between these three systems. Though the case for transdisciplinary research in this space has been made, the extent of stakeholder engagement in research remains limited with stakeholders most commonly incorporated in research as end-users. Yet stakeholders interact with nexus issues in a variety of ways, consequently there is much that collaboration might offer to develop nexus research and enhance its application. This paper outlines four aspects of nexus research and considers the value and potential challenges for transdisciplinary research in each. We focus on assessing and visualising nexus systems; understanding governance and capacity building; the importance of scale; and the implications of future change. The paper then proceeds to describe a novel mixed-method study that deeply integrates stakeholder knowledge with insights from multiple disciplines. We argue that mixed-method research designs – in this case orientated around a number of cases studies – are best suited to understanding and addressing real-world nexus challenges, with their inevitable complex, non-linear system characteristics. Moreover, integrating multiple forms of knowledge in the manner described in this paper enables research to assess the potential for, and processes of, scaling up innovations in the nexus space, in order to contribute insights to policy and decision making.},

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}

@article{d77ccdb4423c4fe8bfa434d8c5c1c3f7,

title = {Stepping-Up innovations in the water-energy-food nexus: A case study of Anaerobic Digestion in the UK},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Iain Soutar and James Suckling and A. Druckman and Alice Larkin and Carly Mclachlan},

doi = {10.1111/geoj.12259},

issn = {0016-7398},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geographical Journal},

publisher = {John Wiley & Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Grand societal challenges such as climate change, poverty and biodiversity loss call for rapid and radical changes to systems of production and consumption. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the dynamics of innovation, both social and technical, to accelerate innovation diffusion so as to increase the possibility of a step‐change or large‐scale transition. Research on the water–energy–food nexus adds an additional dimension to existing discussions, calling for transitions that recognise the sustainability challenges facing three major resource domains, and the synergies and tensions involved in their management. This paper examines anaerobic digestion (AD) – an example of innovation with potential benefits across the water–energy–food nexus – to understand the conditions that influence the rate of AD implementation and the achievement of its potential multi‐sectoral benefits across the water–energy–food nexus. Interview data regarding 15 AD plants are examined alongside complementary data from interviews and workshops using the Technological Innovation Systems framework. This framework provides an analytical structure through which the processes that enable and constrain the implementation of AD in the UK can be examined, enabling the identification of potential mechanisms to support AD's wider and more effective deployment. The findings call for recognition of the unintended consequences of sectoral support mechanisms for technological adaptation, and consequent performance of AD in other resource domains and call for greater integration between policy mechanisms to enable AD to perform across the nexus. They also highlight a need to assimilate knowledge from multiple sources (including site‐specific understanding gained from experimentation) to enhance the base on which policy and decision‐making occurs. These findings contribute to existing literature on sustainable transitions by examining the complexities of multi‐sectoral resource management in the context of nexus research},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{a2418af898704f4caca45acccd729c0bb,

title = {Shopping, cooking and eating routines and energy policy: A focus group study examining potential for change in the United Kingdom},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly Mclachlan and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.050},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {This paper explores the interlinkages between energy demand and food-related routines, to understand how routines that benefit energy demand management throughout the food system might be encouraged. Building on existing social science research, focus group data are used to examine the routines of people in three work-life situations; working parents, city dwellers, and empty nesters. A critical space in which to examine aspects of everyday life that entrench everyday routines is created by examining peoples’ feelings about their present routines and their aspirations for change. The resulting discussions illustrate the role of social and temporal commitments in shaping food routines, and how the different modes of provision, meals and methods of cooking used to navigate these commitments influence what is purchased and eaten. These aspects of everyday life therefore contribute to reinforcing and replicating patterns of energy use throughout the food system. The following discussions develop these initial findings to explore how interventions might support individual experimentation with alternative shopping, cooking and eating practices, and in so doing influence the ongoing evolution of food-related routines to the benefit of energy demand management.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{a2418af898704f4caca45acccd729c0b,

title = {Shopping, cooking and eating routines and energy policy: A focus group study examining potential for change in the United Kingdom},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly Mclachlan and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.050},

issn = {2214-6296},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy Research & Social Science},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {This paper explores the interlinkages between energy demand and food-related routines, to understand how routines that benefit energy demand management throughout the food system might be encouraged. Building on existing social science research, focus group data are used to examine the routines of people in three work-life situations; working parents, city dwellers, and empty nesters. A critical space in which to examine aspects of everyday life that entrench everyday routines is created by examining peoples’ feelings about their present routines and their aspirations for change. The resulting discussions illustrate the role of social and temporal commitments in shaping food routines, and how the different modes of provision, meals and methods of cooking used to navigate these commitments influence what is purchased and eaten. These aspects of everyday life therefore contribute to reinforcing and replicating patterns of energy use throughout the food system. The following discussions develop these initial findings to explore how interventions might support individual experimentation with alternative shopping, cooking and eating practices, and in so doing influence the ongoing evolution of food-related routines to the benefit of energy demand management.},

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@article{00973d4cd5c248aab42fcdbea4644826b,

title = {Trends and drivers of end-use energy demand and the implications for managing energy in food supply chains: Synthesising insights from the social sciences},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly Mclachlan and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2016.06.002},

issn = {2352-5509},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-10-01},

journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},

volume = {8},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {The Climate Change Act commits the UK Government to an ambitious 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; this paper provides a consumer focused framework to devise, inform and evaluate potential interventions to reduce energy demand and emissions in food supply chains. Adopting a Life cycle Assessment (LCA) framing we explore the relationship between production and consumption by reviewing trends in the food sector with implications for energy demand. Secondly, a multidisciplinary review of the literature on sustainable consumption is structured around the ISM (Individual, Social, Material Contexts) framework devised by Southerton et al., bringing insights from a range of theoretical perspectives. Combined, these frameworks complement LCA approaches to mapping and quantifying emissions hotspots in a supply chain in two ways.First, production and consumption must be considered with the ‘consumer’ interactive throughout, one of many factors affecting energy use at each stage, rather than restricted to the end of a supply chain. Second, when considering consumption patterns and how they might be changed, drawing on the insights of multiple disciplines allows for a fuller array of potential interventions to be identified. Given the complexity of the food system and the range of relevant sustainability goals, there are several areas in which the ‘preferred trajectories’ for ‘more sustainable’ consumption patterns are unclear, particularly where data on variation, causal relationships and longitudinal change is lacking. Technical and social understandings of ‘desirable’ change in the food sector must continue to be developed in parallel to achieve such challenging reductions in emissions.},

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@article{00973d4cd5c248aab42fcdbea4644826,

title = {Trends and drivers of end-use energy demand and the implications for managing energy in food supply chains: Synthesising insights from the social sciences},

author = {Claire Hoolohan and Carly Mclachlan and Sarah Mander},

doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2016.06.002},

issn = {2352-5509},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-10-01},

journal = {Sustainable Production and Consumption},

volume = {8},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {The Climate Change Act commits the UK Government to an ambitious 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; this paper provides a consumer focused framework to devise, inform and evaluate potential interventions to reduce energy demand and emissions in food supply chains. Adopting a Life cycle Assessment (LCA) framing we explore the relationship between production and consumption by reviewing trends in the food sector with implications for energy demand. Secondly, a multidisciplinary review of the literature on sustainable consumption is structured around the ISM (Individual, Social, Material Contexts) framework devised by Southerton et al., bringing insights from a range of theoretical perspectives. Combined, these frameworks complement LCA approaches to mapping and quantifying emissions hotspots in a supply chain in two ways.First, production and consumption must be considered with the ‘consumer’ interactive throughout, one of many factors affecting energy use at each stage, rather than restricted to the end of a supply chain. Second, when considering consumption patterns and how they might be changed, drawing on the insights of multiple disciplines allows for a fuller array of potential interventions to be identified. Given the complexity of the food system and the range of relevant sustainability goals, there are several areas in which the ‘preferred trajectories’ for ‘more sustainable’ consumption patterns are unclear, particularly where data on variation, causal relationships and longitudinal change is lacking. Technical and social understandings of ‘desirable’ change in the food sector must continue to be developed in parallel to achieve such challenging reductions in emissions.},

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pubstate = {published},

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}

@article{1630,

title = {Trends and drivers of end-use energy demand and the implications for managing energy in food supply chains: Synthesising insights from the social sciences.~},

author = {C Hoolohan and Mclachlan C. and S Mander},

url = {Publication link:~00973d4c-d5c2-48aa-b42f-cdbea4644826},

doi = {DOI:~10.1016/j.spc.2016.06.002.},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

abstract = {<p>The Climate Change Act commits the UK Government to an ambitious 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; this paper provides a consumer focused framework to devise, inform and evaluate potential interventions to reduce energy demand and emissions in food supply chains. Adopting a Life cycle Assessment (LCA) framing we explore the relationship between production and consumption by reviewing trends in the food sector with implications for energy demand. Secondly, a multidisciplinary review of the literature on sustainable consumption is structured around the ISM (Individual, Social, Material Contexts) framework devised by Southerton et al., bringing insights from a range of theoretical perspectives. Combined, these frameworks complement LCA approaches to mapping and quantifying emissions hotspots in a supply chain in two ways.</p><p>First, production and consumption must be considered with the textquoteleftconsumertextquoteright interactive throughout, one of many factors affecting energy use at each stage, rather than restricted to the end of a supply chain. Second, when considering consumption patterns and how they might be changed, drawing on the insights of multiple disciplines allows for a fuller array of potential interventions to be identified. Given the complexity of the food system and the range of relevant sustainability goals, there are several areas in which the textquoteleftpreferred trajectoriestextquoteright for textquoteleftmore sustainabletextquoteright consumption patterns are unclear, particularly where data on variation, causal relationships and longitudinal change is lacking. Technical and social understandings of textquoteleftdesirabletextquoteright change in the food sector must continue to be developed in parallel to achieve such challenging reductions in emissions.</p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{1582,

title = {Consumer responses to a future UK food system},

author = {L O{textquoteright}Keefe and C McLachlan and C Gough and S Mander and Alice Larkin},

url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/BFJ-01-2015-0047},

doi = {10.1108/BFJ-01-2015-0047},

issn = {0007-070X},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {British Food Journal},

volume = {118},

pages = {412-428},

chapter = {412},

abstract = {<h5>Purpose</h5><p>– The purpose of this paper is to describe research exploring consumer responses to potential changes in food-related practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change.</p><p> </p><p><a name="_i2"></a></p><h5>Design/methodology/approach</h5><p>– Six focus groups explored consumer responses to measures to intended to mitigate the emissions from, and adapt to the impacts of climate change. These included: meat reduction, greater reliance on seasonal British food, meal replacement tablets, laboratory grown meat, communal eating houses, genetically modified food and food waste. Practice theory provided the lens to interpret the changes to meanings, competences and materials associated with food consumption.</p><p> </p><p><a name="_i3"></a></p><h5>Findings</h5><p>– Changes that could be assimilated within existing competencies were viewed more positively, with lack of competence a key barrier to accommodating change. At present, climate change and sustainability do not influence purchasing decisions. Policy measures delivering multiple benefits (textquotedblleftwin-winstextquotedblright), of which environmental performance may be one, stand an improved chance of establishing more sustainable practices than those focusing exclusively on environmental drivers.</p><p> </p><p><a name="_i4"></a></p><h5>Originality/value</h5><p>– Awareness of the role of sustainable food systems in the context of anthropogenic climate change is growing. Whilst scientific and technological research explores methods for reducing emissions and building resilience in food supply chains to changes in climate, there is comparatively little study of how consumers perceive these proposed textquotedblleftsolutionstextquotedblright. This research provides a comprehensive overview of consumer responses to potential changes in eating practices related to climate change mitigation and adaptation and is of value to policy makers, academics and practitioners across the food supply chain.</p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{1758,

title = {Trends and drivers of end-use energy demand and the implications for managing energy in food supply chains: Synthesising insights from the social sciences},

author = {Hoolohan C. and C McLachlan and S Mander},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352550916300070},

doi = {10.1016/j.spc.2016.06.002},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Sustainable Production and Consumption},

volume = {8},

pages = {1-17},

chapter = {1},

abstract = {<p id="sp000015">The Climate Change Act commits the UK Government to an ambitious 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; this paper provides a consumer focused framework to devise, inform and evaluate potential interventions to reduce energy demand and emissions in food supply chains. Adopting a Life cycle Assessment (LCA) framing we explore the relationship between production and consumption by reviewing trends in the food sector with implications for energy demand. Secondly, a multidisciplinary review of the literature on sustainable consumption is structured around the ISM (Individual, Social, Material Contexts) framework devised by Southerton et al., bringing insights from a range of theoretical perspectives. Combined, these frameworks complement LCA approaches to mapping and quantifying emissions hotspots in a supply chain in two ways.</p><p id="sp000020">First, production and consumption must be considered with the textquoteleftconsumertextquoteright interactive throughout, one of many factors affecting energy use at each stage, rather than restricted to the end of a supply chain. Second, when considering consumption patterns and how they might be changed, drawing on the insights of multiple disciplines allows for a fuller array of potential interventions to be identified. Given the complexity of the food system and the range of relevant sustainability goals, there are several areas in which the textquoteleftpreferred trajectoriestextquoteright for textquoteleftmore sustainabletextquoteright consumption patterns are unclear, particularly where data on variation, causal relationships and longitudinal change is lacking. Technical and social understandings of textquoteleftdesirabletextquoteright change in the food sector must continue to be developed in parallel to achieve such challenging reductions in emissions.</p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{12f397b9946c44839994e9a59d3a50a4b,

title = {Consumer responses to a future UK food system},

author = {L. O'Keefe and Carly Mclachlan and C. Gough and S. Mander and Alice Bows-Larkin},

doi = {10.1108/BFJ-01-2015-0047},

issn = {1758-4108},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {British Food Journal},

publisher = {Emerald Publishing Limited},

abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to describe research exploring consumer responses to potential changes in food-related practices to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Design/methodology/approach - Six focus groups explored consumer responses to measures intended to mitigate the emissions from, and adapt to the impacts of climate change. These included: meat reduction, greater reliance on seasonal British food, meal replacement tablets, laboratory grown meat, communal eating houses, genetically modified food and food waste. Practice theory provided the lens to interpret the changes to meanings, competences and materials associated with food consumption. Findings - Changes that could be assimilated within existing competencies were viewed more positively, with lack of competence a key barrier to accommodating change. At present, climate change and sustainability do not influence purchasing decisions. Policy measures delivering multiple benefits, of which environmental performance may be one, stand an improved chance of establishing more sustainable practices than those focusing exclusively on environmental drivers. Originality/value - Awareness of the role of sustainable food systems in the context of anthropogenic climate change is growing. Whilst scientific and technological research explores methods for reducing emissions and building resilience in food supply chains to changes in climate, there is comparatively little study of how consumers perceive these proposed solutions. This research provides a comprehensive overview of consumer responses to potential changes in eating practices related to climate change mitigation and adaptation and is of value to policy makers, academics and practitioners across the food supply chain.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}