<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barker, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P. Ekins</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How High are the Costs of Kyoto for the US Economy?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tyndall Centre Working Paper 4</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tyndall Centre Working Papers</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/wp4.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimates of the costs of implementing the Kyoto protocol are uncertain and most are based on assumptions that necessarily imply high costs. A selection of alternative (often more realistic) assumptions gives estimates that suggest net benefits rather than costs. One high-cost estimate is from the US Energy Information Administration but it is based on a rapid short-term adjustment to Kyoto-type targets and the model does not include the flexibility mechanisms. Another high-cost (but long-term) estimate is from the Oxford model and suggests a 4% cost of US GDP by 2020 to achieve Kyoto targets without the flexible mechanisms. It is shown that this estimate is based on a wrong interpretation of the literature, a confusion of short-term with long-run costs, and a selection of worst-case assumptions and parameters. Provided policies are expected, gradual and well-designed, the costs for the US of Kyoto are likely to be insignificant.</style></abstract><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge</style></custom1></record></records></xml>